The English Historical Review articles from November 1994

The English Historical Review archives from November 1994

The West Saxon charters of King Aethelwulf and his sons.
November 1, 1994... exalted station. No less significant is the fact that the same style remained the norm in the early tenth century, applied initially to King Edward the Elder and thereafter to King AEthelstan in the opening year or two of his reign (before his...

Natura feudi haec est: lawyers and feudatories in the Duchy of Milan.
November 1, 1994... obtenta licentia prout ex forma decretorum ducalium requiritur. . . . Secunda principalis causa expressa in literis ducalibus est quia illustrissimo principi constat comitem Honofrium Anguissolam fratrem dicti domini Ioannis Galeacii commisisse...

Crown, parliament and taxation in sixteenth-century England.
November 1, 1994... HISTORIANS are perhaps prone to share John Morley's view that 'if anything can be more odious than a living tax, it is a dead one';(1) but as the recent debacle of the community charge has reminded us, they (and politicians too) neglect systems...

Gaelic antiquity and national identity in enlightenment Ireland and Scotland.
November 1, 1994... IN recent decades historians have transformed the traditional picture of a predominantly francophone and anticlerical European Enlightenment. By exploring the varieties of its national, regional and confessional contexts, they have discovered a...

Who paid the price of patriotism? The funding of Charles Stanton during the Merthyr Boroughs by-election of 1915.
November 1, 1994... The remarkable victory of Charles Stanton in the Merthyr Boroughs by-election of 1915 has received the attention of a number of historians, yet mystery and speculation continue to surround the source of his campaign finances. Kenneth Morgan has...

The Roman Near East: 31 BC-AD 337.
November 1, 1994... PROFESSOR Millar defines his subject geographically -- the region between the Taurus mountains and Egypt that was under Roman rule, embracing therefore a large part of the Fertile Crescent; chronologically -- from the battle of Actium in 31 BC to...

Visions sur le developpement des Etats europeens. Theories et historiographies de l'Etat moderne.
November 1, 1994... DR MANN's second volume will not disappoint readers who admired its predecessor (rev. ante, cii. 648). It is a work of phenomenal industry and much originality. It concentrates, though not exclusively, on four important states of western and...

The City of London, vol. 1, A World of its Own, 1815-1890.
November 1, 1994... TWENTY years ago it would have been extremely difficult to write a history of the City of London which was not simply a history of Britain's major financial institutions and the evolution of monetary policy thinly disguised, so little understood...

Mazzini.
November 1, 1994... WHEN Denis Mack Smith published his first, somewhat revolutionary book, Cavour and Garibaldi, 1860, in 1954, A. J. P. Taylor wrote: 'With brilliant, though well-founded perversity, Mr Mack Smith turns things upside down'. Alan Taylor was not...

History and its Images: Art and the Interpretation of the Past.
November 1, 1994... OF ALL Francis Haskell's publications History and its Images most resembles Patrons and Painters (963), subtitled A Study in the Relations Between ltalian Art and Society in the Age of the Baroque. Both books are characterized by a grand theme...

The History of the University of Oxford, vol. 8, The Twentieth Century.
November 1, 1994... HYPERION to a satyr is the image that springs most readily to mind when one compares the final volume of the History of the University of Oxford to its Cambridge analogue. In scale and ambition it is in every way superior. The Cambridge volume is...

Early Medieval Europe: 300-1000.
November 1, 1994... Considering that publishers have a seemingly insatiable appetite for textbook series, it is a remarkable and rather appalling fact that Roger Collins's Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000 (London: Macmillan, 1991; pp. xxix + 453. [pounds]35; pb....

A Tainted Mantle: Hercules and the Classical Tradition at the Carolingian Court.
November 1, 1994... Lawrence Nees's A Tainted Mantle. Hercules and the Classical Tradition at the Carolingian Court (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania P., 1991; pp. xviii + 391. $37.95) risks pigeonholing as an art-historical study. Professor Nees is an art...

Hinkmar von Reims als Verwalter von Bistum und Kirchenprovinz.
November 1, 1994... Martina Stratmann has exactly the right qualifications to write Hinkmar von Reims als Verwalter von Bistum und Kirchenprovinz (Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke, 1991; pp. xi + 85. DM45): she has just produced an exemplary edition of Hincmar's De...

Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon Charters.
November 1, 1994... Students of Anglo-Saxon history and early medieval palaeography have been well served by two sumptuous Victorian facsimile editions of pre-Conquest charters: Facsimiles of Ancient Charters in the British Museum, ed. E. A. Bond in four volumes...

Settlement and Land Use in Micheldever Hundred, Hampshire: 700-1100.
November 1, 1994... The title of Eric Klingelhofer's Settlement and Land Use in Micheldever Hundred, Hampshire, 700-1100 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, Transactions, Vol. 81, part 3, 1991; pp. 156. Pb. $20) raises expectations which the book itself...

Wulfstan of Winchester: The Life of St. Aethelwold.
November 1, 1994... Wulfstan of Winchester has several reasons to be grateful for the new edition of Wulfstan of Winchester. The Life of St AEthelwold, ed. Michael Lapidge and Michael Winterbottom (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1991; pp. clxxxviii + 105. [pounds]40. Not...

Die stadtischen Handelszentren der nordwestlichen Rus. Anfange und fruhe Entwicklung altrussischer Stadte bis gegen Ende des 12: Jahrhunderts.
November 1, 1994... When is a town not a town? When it is in either its vorstadtische or its fruhstadtische phase, according to Eduard Muhle in his impressive and important book Die stadtischen Handelszentren der nordwestlichen Rus'. Anfange und fruhe Entwicklung...

Symbols as Power: The Papacy Following the Investiture Contest.
November 1, 1994... In Symbols as Power. The Papacy following the Investiture Contest (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991; pp. xxiii + 238. Gld. 140), Mary Stroll extends and develops arguments which she advanced in a monograph of 1987 (rev. ante, cv.962) on the papal schism...

Equal in Monastic Profession: Religious Women in Medieval France.
November 1, 1994... In spite of recent studies of women in medieval religious life there has been until now no synthesis (in English) of developments in medieval France. The subject of Penelope D. Johnson's Equal in Monastic Profession. Religious Women in Medieval...

Episcopal Power and Florentine Society: 1000-1320.
November 1, 1994... In the preface to his Episcopal Power and Florentine Society, 1000-1320 (Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard U.P., 1991; pp. xviii + 284, [pounds]35.95), George W. Dameron tells us how his experiences as a Peace Corps volunteer among the peasants of...

Die Zahringer: Schweizer Vortrage und neue Forschungen.
November 1, 1994... A celebration of the Zahringer, one of the most influential families of medieval Germany, is provided in Die Zahringer. Schweizer Vortrage und neue Forschungen, ed. Karl Schmid (Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke, 1990; pp. 418. DM52). The Zahringer were...

Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany.
November 1, 1994... Medieval constitutional history was first invented by the Germans, and they were the first to reject it. Between about 1920 and 1960 it ceased to be intellectually respectable to talk in terms of the regnum Teutonicum as a whole; a nominalistic...

Feste und Feiern im Mittelalter: Paderborner Symposion des Mediavistenverbandes.
November 1, 1994... A good symposium is a rare and difficult achievement. It requires an important subject, well-versed but varied contributors, concise writing and scholarly indications of further literature. The topic of festivals and celebrations in the Middle...

The Cartulary of the Augustinian Friars of Clare.
November 1, 1994... The latest of the Suffolk Records Society's editions of Suffolk charters, The Cartulary of the Augustinian Friars of Clare, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill (Woodbridge: Boydell P., 1991; pp. xiv + 139. [pounds]19.50), provides a calendar in English...

Les vaudois des origines a leur fin, XII-XVI siecles.
November 1, 1994... Gabriel Audisio's Les 'Vaudois.' Naissance, vie et mort d'une dissidence, [XII.sup.me]-[XVI.sup.me] siecles and (editor) Les vaudois des origines a leur fin, [XII.sup.e]-[XVI.sup.e] siecles (Turin: Albert Meynier, 1989, 1990; pp. 253, 119. Pb....

From Ad Hoc to Routine. A Case Study in Medieval Bureaucracy.
November 1, 1994... In a book of meticulous, almost laborious archival scholarship, From Ad Hoc to Routine. A Case Study in Medieval Bureaucracy (Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania P., 1991; pp. xi + 265. [pounds]35.10), Ellen E. Kittell seeks to demonstrate how the...

Furstliche Residenzen im Spatmittelalterlichen Europa.
November 1, 1994... The theme of princely residence in medieval Europe has been enjoying intensive exploration under the auspices of the Residenz-Kommission der Gottinger Akademie der Wissenschaften. An introductory volume edited by Peter Johanek was followed in...

Owen of Wales. The End of the House of Gwynedd.
November 1, 1994... In Owen of Wales. The End of the House of Gwynedd (Cardiff: U. of Wales P., 1991; pp. ix + 140. [pounds]12.95), A. D. Carr provides a well-documented and perceptive account of a member of the dynasty of Gwynedd who, two generations after the...

Governare un regno. Potere, societa e istituzioni in Sicilia fra Trecento e Quattrocento.
November 1, 1994... 'When states newly acquired have been accustomed to living freely under their own laws, there are three ways to hold them securely: . . . thirdly, by letting them keep their own laws, exacting tribute, and setting up an oligarchy which will keep...

Alleanza matrimoniale e patriziato nella Firenze del '400. Studio sulla famiglia Strozzi.
November 1, 1994... 'Marriages in the Florentine upper classes were shaped essentially by the rules of the mental world of the merchant' is the central contention of Lorenzo Fabbri in Alleanza matrimoniale e patriziato nella Firenze del '400. Studio sulla famiglia...

The Medieval Canon Law: Teaching, Literature and Transmission.
November 1, 1994... Dorothy M. Owen's The Medieval Canon Law. Teaching, Literature and Transmission (Cambridge: U.P., 1990; pp. xii + 82. [pounds]25), a short book incorporating the four Sandars Lectures in Bibliography at Cambridge University, 1987-8, is not as...

Richard III and the Princes in the Tower.
November 1, 1994... In a market which is becoming distinctly overcrowded, one could be forgiven for wondering whether yet another popular survey of Richard III's reign was really necessary, except as a means of swelling publishers' profits. It is a tribute to A. J....

In Search of Columbus: The Sources for the First Voyage.
November 1, 1994... Historians are ambivalent about centenaries, simultaneously attracted and repelled; the celebrations are like invitations to a ceremony which one is unable to enjoy yet obliged to attend. The quincentenary of 1492 is such an occasion. No new...

Francesco Guicciardini Giurista. I ricordi degli onorari. Presentazione di Julius Kirshner.
November 1, 1994... Franceso Guicciardini had a productive legal career, as Osvaldo Cavallar in Francesco Guicciardini Giurista. I ricordi degli onorari. Presentazione di Julius Kirshner (Milan: Giuffre Editore, 1991; pp. xxi + 396. Pb. L42,000) makes clear....

Princes, Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, c. 1450-1650.
November 1, 1994... One approach to court history is through spectacle, the court designed to impress. Whatever its effect at the time, court spectacle is ideally suited for the modern media. It may be that historians themselves are inclined to take courts too much...

Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome.
November 1, 1994... In his latest study, Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome (Princeton: U. P., 1991; pp. xiv + 285. $59.50), David R. Coffin draws the threads of his argument together in a final chapter on 'The Public and the Roman Garden'. The medieval garden was...

Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the Fourteenth to the Twentieth Century.
November 1, 1994... Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the Fourteenth to the Twentieth Century, ed. Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Willem Frijhoff (Rotterdam: U.P., 1991; pp. xii + 211. Pb. Dfl125) makes an auspicious beginning for a new series of English translations...

Science, Culture and Popular Belief in Renaissance Europe.
November 1, 1994... There is a new and highly successful historiography of science which takes natural knowledge to be a cultural product amenable to historical analysis in exactly the same way as 'works of art, political ideologies or popular beliefs'. So declare...

Plain Lives in a Golden Age: Popular Culture, Religion and Society in Seventeenth-Century Holland.
November 1, 1994... The appearance of A. T. van Deursen's Het kopergeld van de Gouden Eeuw (originally published in the Netherlands in four volumes in 1978, 1979, 1980 and 1981) in English translation as Plain Lives in a Golden Age. Popular Culture, Religion and...

Tragic Triangle: The Netherlands, Spain and Bohemia, 1617-1621.
November 1, 1994... Joseph Polisensky is the doyen of historians of the Thirty Years War. Over the last five decades he has become known especially for two contributions to the study of that war: for his work, copiously documented from local archives, on the role...

Dejiny Moravy, vol. 1: Stredoveka Morava.
November 1, 1994... One clear gain from the changing political attitudes which led to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia has been a heightened regional awareness in Moravia, and an associated serious re-evaluation of the distinctive historical development of that...

War and Government in Britain: 1598-1650.
November 1, 1994... The theme of 'war and government' is clearly important for seventeenth-century history, but research into the financial, logistic, political and social dimensions of Britain's wars from the last years of Elizabeth to Cromwell's Irish campaign has...

Uberleben in der fruhneuzeitlichen Stadt. Annona und Getreideversorgung in Rom: 1563-1797.
November 1, 1994... The availability of bread at a cost that the poorer working classes could afford in order to preserve social tranquillity was a major concern of municipal administrations in early modern Europe. But no government went to the length of the papal...

From Persecution to Toleration: The Glorious Revolution and Religion in England.
November 1, 1994... To the making of books about 1688 there is no end. This one, From Persecution to Toleration. The Glorious Revolution and Religion in England, ed. Ole Peter Grell, Jonathan I. Israel and Nicholas Tyacke (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1991; pp. x + 444....

Ukrainian Economic History: Interpretive Essays.
November 1, 1994... Although Ukrainian Economic History. Interpretive Essays, ed. I. S. Koropeckyj (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U.P., for Ukrainian Research Institute, 1991; pp. xiv + 390. N.p.) covers a thousand years of Ukrainian history, it eschews the exciting...

De Briefwisseling van Anthonie Heinsius, 1702-1720. vols. X-XI.
November 1, 1994... In previous reviews and short notices (ante, xciii. 196; xcv. 411; cii. 131-134) I have expressed my appreciation of this great venture and of the editor's success in making it progressively a true 'correspondence' by the inclusion of letters...

The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo.
November 1, 1994... Russell F. Weigley has temporarily deserted the military history of the United States for that of early modern Europe. Falling in the two centuries between the 'raiding and sieges' of the medieval period and the trench warfare of the American...

Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire.
November 1, 1994... Books such as Colonial British America, edited by Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (1984) provide an admirable survey of the mainstream of the colonial period in North America between 1607 and 1776, but they leave a great deal out, including the...

The Invention of Scotland: The Stuart Myth and the Scottish Identity, 1638 to the Present.
November 1, 1994... Murray G. H. Pittock's The Invention of Scotland. The Stuart Myth and the Scottish Identity, 1638 to the Present (London: Routledge, 1991; pp. ix + 198. [pounds]30) is about the ways the Jacobites have been perceived, and how this has shaped...

Hanover and Great Britain, 1740-1760: Diplomacy and Survival.
November 1, 1994... Between 1714 and 1837 Britain and Hanover shared the same sovereigns. Uriel Dann's succinct and scholarly monograph, Hanover and Great Britain, 1740-1760. Diplomacy and Survival (Leicester: U.P., 1991; pp. x + 174. [pounds]37.50), covers the...

Prutky's Travels in Ethiopia and Other Countries.
November 1, 1994... Both Catholic and Protestant missionaries of Bohemian origin took a considerable part in evangelizing activities during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They were active mostly in the less attractive parts of America, Africa and Asia,...

Calendar of Bradford-on-Avon Settlement Examinations and Removal Orders: 1725-98.
November 1, 1994... Phyllis Hembry's Calendar of Bradford-on-Avon Settlement Examinations and Removal Orders, 1725-98 (Trowbridge: Wiltshire Record Soc., 1990; pp. xxii + 164. [pounds]15. Available from M. J. Lansdown, 53 Clarendon Rd., Trowbridge, Wilts....

Tea Party to Independence: The Third Phase of the American Revolution, 1773-1776.
November 1, 1994... With the publication of Tea Party to Independence. The Third Phase of the American Revolution, 1773-1776 (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1991; pp. 357. [pounds]40), Peter D. G. Thomas completes his magisterial three-volume survey of the evolution of...

Economic Origins of Antisemitism: Poland and its Jews in the Early Modern Period.
November 1, 1994... By 1764, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was home for some 750,000 Jews, about 6 per cent of the total population, a far higher proportion than elsewhere in Europe. Treated as a separate self-governing estate, and encouraged by both Crown and...

War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775-1783.
November 1, 1994... Jeremy Black has written twelve books within a few years. His War for America. The Fight for Independence, 1775-1783 (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1991; pp. xii + 268. [pounds]16.99) bears the now characteristic hallmarks of hasty writing and instant...

Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull.
November 1, 1994... Geraldine M. Meroney died after completing her manuscript on the life of William Bull of South Carolina. Seen through the press by a colleague, it has now been published, under the title Inseparable Loyalty. A Biography of William Bull (Norcross,...

The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 28.
November 1, 1994... Such is the enormous quantity of material on Franklin's 'French period' (1776-85) that to edit and print the letters that he wrote and received in the four months from 1 November 1778 to 28 February 1779 requires a volume of 708 pages, of which...

The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, vol. 6, India, The Launching of the Hastings Impeachment, 1786-1788.
November 1, 1994... Edmund Burke's assault on Warren Hastings between 1786 and 1795 is one of the most notable affairs of British parliamentary history in the eighteenth century; it is also a major investigation of the morality of empire. The Writings and Speeches...

Reshaping France: Town, Country and Region during the French Revolution.
November 1, 1994... The literature in English on the decade 1789-99 in provincial France is, almost inevitably, a good deal smaller than that dealing with events in Paris. This increases the value of Reshaping France. Town, Country and Region during the French...

The Common Law and English Jurisprudence: 1760-1850.
November 1, 1994... In his study of The Common Law and English Jurisprudence, 1760-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1991; pp. xvi + 315. [pounds]35) Michael Lobban 'seeks to address the question of what the common law was about, and how theorists and practitioners...

Napoleon's Integration of Europe.
November 1, 1994... If it was a bold decision of Stuart Woolf to write a book on Napoleon's Integration of Europe (London: Routledge, 1991; pp. ix + 319. [pounds]30), it was also an imaginative one. For more than a century and a half historians have made assumptions...

Land, Labor and Agriculture: 1700-1920.
November 1, 1994... Gordon Mingay's recent retirement from the only chair of agrarian history in the United Kingdom, at Kent, is marked by a Festschrift edited by B. A. Holderness and Michael Turner, Land, Labour and Agriculture, 1700-1920 (London/Rio Grande, Oh.:...

Gehorsame Rebellen: Burokratie und Beamte in Osterreich 1780 bis 1848.
November 1, 1994... Officials and officialdom in nineteenth-century Austria have in recent years attracted the sort of scholarly notice earlier paid to administrative structures and practices. Waltraud Heindl's Gehorsame Rebellen. Burokratie und Beamte in Osterreich...

Combination and Conspiracy: A Legal History of Trade Unionism, 1721-1906.
November 1, 1994... The Combination Acts receive at least a mention in most general histories of early nineteenth-century Britain. Along with the criminal law of conspiracy, they impeded the ability of working men to unite for the purpose of raising wages or...

The Struggle for Market Power: Industrial Relations in the British Coal Industry, 1800-1840.
November 1, 1994... An influential view of the social history of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is that a social order based upon custom and the 'moral economy' was replaced by competition, the market, and 'political economy'. In food riots, the crowd...

Michael Faraday: Sandemanian and Scientist, A Study of Science and Religion in the Nineteenth Century.
November 1, 1994... Geoffrey Cantor's Michael Faraday. Sandemanian and Scientist. A Study of Science and Religion in the Nineteenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1991; pp. xi + 359. [pounds]40.00) is the latest addition to the Faraday cottage industry which went into...

Science and Social Science Research in British India: 1780-1880, The Role of Anglo-Indian Associations and Government.
November 1, 1994... Edward W. Ellsworth's Science and Social Science Research in British India, 1780-1880. The Role of Anglo-Indian Associations and Government (New York/Westport: Greenwood P., 1991; pp. xv + 220. [pounds]38.50) provides a clear account of the...

Vom Wiener Kongress zur Pariser Konferenz.
November 1, 1994... The German Historical Institute, London, has published, and Anselm Doering-Manteuffel has written, in Vom Wiener Kongress zur Pariser Konferenz (Gottingen/Zurich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991; pp. 351 DM88) a thought-provoking book which combines...

The Life and Thought of Friedrich Engels: A Reinterpretation.
November 1, 1994... J. D. Hunley's The Life and Thought of Friedrich Engels. A Reinterpretation (New Haven/London: Yale U.P., 1991; pp. xiii +184. [pounds]14) is a short, nicely-written account of Engels's life and thought. Its main thesis is that Engels was...

Histoire sociale de la France Au XIX siecle.
November 1, 1994... The writing of history always involves making choices, and such choices are always informed by some kind of ideological preference. The important thing is that the ideological underpinning should be consistent and clear. One of the many virtues...

British History: 1815-1906.
November 1, 1994... Norman McCord's British History, 1815-1906 (Oxford: U.P., 1991; pp. xx + 518. [pounds]45; pb. [pounds]12.95) is a volume in the 'Short Oxford History of the Modern World' series. The choice of end-date is dictated by the starting-date of the next...

The Corporation under Russian Law, 1800-1917: A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy.
November 1, 1994... Why was Russian entrepreneurship so weak? What prevented the formation of a Russian middle class? Following Speranskii's dictum that 'without knowledge of the laws, the history of the state can be neither clear nor authentic', Thomas C. Owen...

Freedom from War: Nonsectarian Pacifism, 1814-1914.
November 1, 1994... In writing Freedom from War. Nonsectarian Pacifism, 1814-1914 (Toronto/Buffalo: U. of Toronto P., 1991; pp. xi + 456. [pounds]37.50) Peter Brock has drawn upon a reservoir of information accumulated over years of research on peace movements. Here...

The Road to Waterloo: The British Army and the Struggle against Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, 1793-1815.
November 1, 1994... To mark the opening of a new gallery at the National Army Museum, Alan J. Guy has edited a very interesting collection of short essays on The Road to Waterloo. The British Army and the Struggle against Revolutionary and Napoleonic France,...

I documenti diplomatici italiani. Series I: 1861-1870. Vol XII: 6 ottobre 1869-4 luglio 1870.
November 1, 1994... The volume of I documenti diplomatici italiani. Series I: 1861-1870. Vol. XII: 6 ottobre 1869-4 luglio 1870 (Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1990; pp. lvi + 711 N.p.) is largely concerned with a single issue: the Vatican Council,...

Secondary Education in England: 1870-1902, Public Activity and Private Enterprise.
November 1, 1994... June Purvis's A History of Women's Education in England (Milton Keynes: Open University P., 1991; pp. xv + 159. Pb.n.p.) and John Roach's Secondary Education in England, 1870-1902. Public Activity and Private Enterprise (London: Routledge, 1991;...

Napoleon III: The Pursuit of Prestige.
November 1, 1994... Napoleon III has recently been the subject of several books, including, in France, those by Paul Gueriot (1980), Louis Girard (1986) and Philippe Seguin (1990), and, in Britain, those by William Smith (1972) and John Bierman (1988). To this list...

Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organized Labor and Party Politics in Britain, 1850-1914.
November 1, 1994... There are fundamentally two ways of trying to explain the rise of the Labour party and the manner in which it replaced the Liberals as the chief alternative to Conservatism. The first depends upon the identification of a dramatic break out of...

Reshaping Rural England: A Social History, 1850-1925.
November 1, 1994... One major late twentieth-century historiographical weakness concerns the lack of adequate coverage of the English rural communities from the later 1830s to the early 1870s; a dark age, which some would extend to 1914. Ostensibly, Alun Howkins's...

A Guid Cause: The Women's Suffrage Movement in Scotland.
November 1, 1994... It is good to welcome two books which give new insight into the lives of women in Victorian and Edwardian Scotland. Eleanor Gordon, in Women and the Labour Movement in Scotland, 1850-1914 (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1991; pp. 312. [pounds]35), and...

Le Riforme Crispine.
November 1, 1994... Le Riforme Crispine, ed. Ettore Rotelli (Milan: A. Giuffre, for ISAP, 1990) is a massive product of the Italian state publishing house. It consists of four volumes: I: Amministrazione statale (pp. xviii + 948. L90,000); II: Giustizia...

The Scramble for Africa: 1876-1912.
November 1, 1994... Thomas Pakenham's 700 crowded pages on The Scramble for Africa, 1876-1912 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991; pp. xix + 738. [pounds]20) have all the verve and dash of so many of the extraordinary Europeans who strode into tropical Africa in...

Tom Mann: 1856-1941, The Challenges of Labour.
November 1, 1994... Tom Mann was an eccentric within the Labour world. Alone of the leaders of the strikes of 1889, he remained on the left and became a propagandist for international communism. In Tom Mann, 1856-1941. The Challenges of Labour (Oxford: Clarendon P.,...