The English Historical Review articles from June 1995

The English Historical Review archives from June 1995

Were there any crusades in the twelfth century?
June 1, 1995... Guibert of Nogent, in a famous phrase, described the First Crusade as a new path of salvation which allowed laymen to earn redemption without changing their status and becoming monks.(1) This theme was taken up by later apologists and...

Crown patronage and political morality in early Tudor England: the case of Giles, Lord Daubeney.
June 1, 1995... At first glance, the career of Giles, first Baron Daubeney, appears to furnish one of the happier and more edifying examples of political involvement in the late medieval and early Tudor periods. A man who rose from the county gentry to be one...

Famine, entitlements and seduction: Captain Edmond Wynne in Ireland, 1846-1851.
June 1, 1995... The famine which convulsed Irish society after the potato failure of 1846 was no 'artificial' disaster, attributable to the failure of the state to prevent one section of the population from driving another into market-determined destitution....

The Third Reich reflected: German civil administration in the occupied Soviet Union, 1941-4.
June 1, 1995... Il dramma d'un regime comincia quando non e piu capace di trovare la verita: e finisce quando non ha piu la voglia di cercarla. [Giuseppe Bottai, Diario, 1935-44, ed. G. B. Gueri (Milan, 1982), 2 December, 1942] In 1957, Alexander Dallin...

Six charters of Henry II and his family for the monastery of Dalon.
June 1, 1995... The manuscripts of the Bibliotheque Nationale contain, in seventeenth-century copies, the texts of six charters from Henry II, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Richard I - specifically, two acts from each of these rulers - in favour of the abbey of...

G.J. Vossius and the Humanist Concept of History.
June 1, 1995... G. J. Vossius was famous in his time as a polymath and a teacher. After a childhood disordered by war and religious change, he was happy to find a comfortable academic haven in the Netherlands, first as Rector of the Latin School at Dordrecht,...

The World of John Taylor the Water-Poet: 1578-1653.
June 1, 1995... Bernard Capp is one of our most versatile historians. He has published monographs on Cromwell's Navy, The Fifth Monarchy Men, and Astrology and the Popular Press, each definitive. John Taylor is a surprise successor. He too offers a...

Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism: 1753-1780.
June 1, 1995... Wenzel Anton Kaunitz-Rietberg, Chancellor of State under Maria Theresia, Joseph II and Leopold II, was without question the most significant and influential Austrian statesman of the eighteenth century. He not only defined the foreign policy of...

The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, 4 vols.
June 1, 1995... These volumes appeared as the end of the Cold War allowed a clearer perspective on the rise and relative decline of the United States as a world power. The authors are all distinguished in their fields and provide an excellent introduction to...

International Relations Since 1945: The Cold War. The Great Powers and Their Allies. The Post-Imperial Age. The Great Powers and the Wider World.
June 1, 1995... Dunbabin's two substantial volumes represent his contribution to the Longman series, 'The Postwar World', which aims to provide scholarly but readable accounts of the world since the Second World War. So far, books have concentrated upon...

Dreaming in the Middle Ages.
June 1, 1995... Literary critics have long recognized the need to explore the intellectual background to medieval dream literature: it was written in milieux where theories about dreaming and its meaning were familiar and a matter for debate. What Steven F....

The Common Fields of England.
June 1, 1995... The Common Fields of England, by Eric Kerridge (Manchester: U.P., 1992; pp. 216. [pounds]35), seeks to explain how the common-field system of farming came into being, and claims to have found the final answer, rebutting all others. It cites a...

Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?
June 1, 1995... The twenty-eight essays in Fifth-Century Gaul. A Crisis of Identity? (Cambridge: U.P., 1992; 376.[pounds]37.50), ed. John Drinkwater and Hugh Elton, are the revised versions of papers given at a conference in Sheffield in 1989; they are grouped...

Byzanz und die Langobarden: Von der Ansiedlung in Pannonien bis zur endgultigen Anerkennung, 500-680.
June 1, 1995... The Lombards have always been something of a mystery. The latest of the Germanic peoples to establish themselves in the Mediterranean region, which they entered only in 568, they had occupied much of northern and central Italy within a few...

Herrschen mit den Heiligen: Kirchenbesuche, Pilgerfahrten und Heiligenverehrung fruh- und hochmittelalterlicher Herrscher (ca. 500-1200).
June 1, 1995... In the Latin West of the early and central Middle Ages, rulers were usually itinerant. Whether in the normal course of their travels or for exceptional reasons, they often came to holy places where their visits, for whatever reasons they were...

Charles the Bald.
June 1, 1995... Janet L. Nelson has contrived in Charles the Bald (London: Longman, 1992; pp. xiii + 349. [pounds]24; pb. [pounds]12.99) to combine the first scholarly biography of this ruler with a reassessment of ninth-century politics intended for a student...

Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries.
June 1, 1995... Gay's L'Italie meridionale is nearly ninety years old, Poupardin's Principautes lombardes is only three years younger, and, although Nicola Cilento, Vera von Falkenhausen and others have since built impressive structures upon these sound...

L'ideologie omeyyade: La construction de la legitimite du Califat de Cordue, Xe-XIe siecles.
June 1, 1995... The period covered by the existence of the Caliphate, from 929 to 1031, saw both the apogee of Umayyad power in Spain and its decline and dissolution. The change of title effected by Abd al-Rahman III in 929 from Amir to Caliph has often been...

Begging Pardon and Favour: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France.
June 1, 1995... In Begging Pardon and Favour. Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France (Ithaca/London: Cornell U.P., 1992; pp. xxiii + 459. $49.45), Geoffrey Koziol has undertaken an investigation of a complex and difficult subject. In an exhaustive...

The Gesta 'Normannorum Ducum' of William of Jumieges, Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni, vol. 1, Introduction and Books I-IV.
June 1, 1995... In his own history, William of Jumieges made use of Dudo's De moribus... ducum up to 996, then composed his narrative of the reign of Richard II and his successors to 1070. Over the next thirty years his text was two or three times subjected...

The Conquest of Christian Muslim Spain: 1031-1157.
June 1, 1995... The past twenty-five years have witnessed a spectacular transformation in our knowledge of early medieval Spain. The long-overdue publication of reliable editions of most of the narrative sources for the period down to 1300 (the Chronicon Mundi...

Osterreich im Hochmittelalter: 907-1246.
June 1, 1995... Erich Zollner points out in his introduction to Osterreich im Hochmittelalter (907-1246), ed. Anna M. Drabek (Vienna: Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1991; pp. 605. OS 770) that many of the problems of modern Austria and of...

Allucio da Pescia ca. 1070-1134.
June 1, 1995... Sant' Allucio da Pescia is perhaps as unfamiliar to the learned as to the devout, yet the light that his activities shed upon the region of Lucca in the fifty years after the deaths of Pope Gregory VII and his ardent supporter Bishop Anselm II...

English and French Towns in Feudal Society: A Comparative Study.
June 1, 1995... R. H. Hilton's English and French Towns in Feudal Society. A Comparative Study (Cambridge: U. P., 1992; pp. xii + 174. [pounds]24.95) continues his recent work on smaller towns in medieval England by comparing the towns of England and France...

A Measure of Wealth: The English Land Tax in Historical Analysis.
June 1, 1995... Thousands upon thousands of Land Tax Assessments survive, but for historians they have often seemed more like a dangerous quicksand than a sun-kissed beach. Land Tax Assessments, or duplicates, provide the most extensive documentation on...

Russland als Vielvolkerreich: Enstehung, Geschichte, Zerfall.
June 1, 1995... One of the many enthusiastic reviews of Andreas Kappeler's Russlands Erste Nationalitaten. Das Zarenreich und die Volker der Mittleren Wolga vom 16. bis 19. Jahrhundert (Cologne and Vienna, 1982), concluded by saying that it was 'a solid...

High Church Prophet: Bishop Samuel Horsley: 1733-1806, and the Caroline Tradition in the Later Georgian Church.
June 1, 1995... Past church historians often assumed that while Anglican high churchmanship, expressed by its strong belief in the Church's historic continuity and its episcopal ministry, was an influential force in the Caroline Church, it was later to succumb...

The Last of the Prince Bishops: William Van Mildert and the High Church Movement of the Early Nineteenth Century.
June 1, 1995... Past church historians often assumed that while Anglican high churchmanship, expressed by its strong belief in the Church's historic continuity and its episcopal ministry, was an influential force in the Caroline Church, it was later to succumb...

L'Allemagne a l'epoque napoleonienne: Questions d'histoire politique, economique et sociale.
June 1, 1995... L'Allemagne a l'epoque napoleonienne. Questions d'histoire politique, economique et sociale (Bonn/Berlin: Bouvier Verlag, 1992; pp. 576. DM148) is a tribute to Roger Dufraisse, published on the occasion of his seventieth birthday by the German...

British Strategy in the Napoleonic War: 1803-15.
June 1, 1995... Christopher D. Hall's timely British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15 (Manchester: U.P., 1992; pp. xii + 239. [pounds]35) must certainly be admired and applauded not only for the breadth of its subject-matter, but also for the depth of...

Konig in Preussens grosser Zeit. Friedrich Wilhelm III. der Melancholiker auf dem Thron.
June 1, 1995... There have been many good recent biographies of the major Hohenzollern monarchs, notably those of Frederick the Great by Theodor Schieder and of Frederick William IV by Walter Bussmann. They are now joined by Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann's Konig in...

Catholic Emancipation: A Shake to Men's Minds.
June 1, 1995... 'Well, I said I would do it', Wellington said to the whig Lord Duncannon when the Catholic Relief Act was passed in 1829, 'and I have done it handsomely, have I not?' The main purpose of Wendy Hinde's Catholic Emancipation. A Shake to Men's...

Caudillos in Spanish America: 1800-1850.
June 1, 1995... The controversy about the reasons for caudillismo in early nineteenth-century Spanish America has been intense. Caudillos were once viewed largely as men of exceptional ambition and violence whose unprincipled and self-interested struggles...

Charles, Earl Grey: Aristocratic Reformer.
June 1, 1995... John W. Derry's Charles, Earl Grey. Aristocratic Reformer (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992; pp. 227. [pounds]40) offers balanced judgement, lucid analysis and wide knowledge in a small compass. It suffers only from appearing after E. A. Smith's...

Governors and Settlers: Images of Authority in the British Colonies, 1820-60.
June 1, 1995... Written by a political scientists, designed as a text on the political culture of Britain's classic settler colonies of the nineteenth century, aimed at social anthropologists as much as colonial historians, and capable of appealing to a...

Law, Politics and the Church of England: The Career of Stephen Lushington, 1782-1873.
June 1, 1995... It is rare still to find a fresh subject for biography whose career is sufficiently multi-faceted to generate a sustained commentary on the political, legal, and ecclesiastical development of England in the early nineteenth century. But just...

The Politics of Rural Life: Political Mobilization in the French Countryside, 1846-1852.
June 1, 1995... Historians have been aware for some decades now that between 1848 and 1852 parts of the French countryside were engaged in a bitter class war. Peasants and rural artisans were struggling against local notables and the government which backed...

Deutschland in Europa: Ein historischer Ruckblick.
June 1, 1995... The talents and adaptability of historians at Freiburg im Breisgau are powerfully deployed in Deutschland in Europa. Ein historischer Ruckblick, ed. Bernd Martin (Munich: DTV, 1992; pp. 292. Pb. DM 14.80). Within a month of German reunification...

Science Under Control: The French Academy of Sciences, 1795-1914.
June 1, 1995... The social history of French science and in particular its prestigious central organization, the Academy of Sciences, have long held a remarkable fascination for British and North American historians. The reason for this may lie in the...

The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England: The Influence of Private Choice and Public Policy.
June 1, 1995... The growth of literacy has long formed an important topic in nineteenth-century social and educational studies, and David F. Mitch's The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England. The Influence of Private Choice and Public Policy...

The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence.
June 1, 1995... In The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence (London: Longman, 1992; pp. ix + 188. [pounds]22; pb. [pounds]8.99), Frank J. Coppa gives a fast-moving factual narrative of events less puzzling than those handled by other writers in Harry...

Popular Politics, Riot and Labour: Essays in Liverpool History, 1790-1940.
June 1, 1995... On the book jacket and at the start of his editor's introduction to Popular Politics, Riot and Labour. Essays in Liverpool History, 1790-1940 (Liverpool: U.P., for Dept. of History, 1992; pp. xii + 257. Pb. [pounds]11.75), John Belchem...

A Moralist in and out of Parliament: John Stuart Mill at Westminster, 1865-1868.
June 1, 1995... The publication of a series of essays on John Stuart Mill's parliamentary years in A Moralist In and Out of Parliament. John Stuart Mill at Westminster, 1865-1868 (Toronto/Buffalo: U. of Toronto P., 1992; pp. 317. [pounds]42) by Bruce L....

Manet: The Execution of Maximilian. Painting, Politics and Censorship.
June 1, 1995... The establishment of the Austrian Archduke Maximilian, brother of the Emperor Francis Joseph, as Emperor of Mexico was supposed to be the 'great idea' of Napoleon III's Second French Empire. Instead it ended in humiliation for France and...

The Victorian Post Office: The Growth of a Bureaucracy.
June 1, 1995... C. R. Perry's The Victorian Post Office. The Growth of a Bureaucracy (Woodbridge: Boydell P., for Royal Historical Soc., 1992; pp. 308, [pounds]39.50) is a meticulously researched study of a government department that by 1914 was the largest...

Generalfeldmarschall von Moltke. Bedeutung und Wirking. Im Auftrag des Militargeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes.
June 1, 1995... The Militargeschichtliche Forschungsamt celebrated the centenary of the death of the elder Helmuth von Moltke with a major conference, and the most significant papers have now been published under the editorship of Roland G. Foerster:...

Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: Essays in Honor of R.K. Webb.
June 1, 1995... Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society. Essays in Honor of R. K. Webb, ed. R. W. Davis and R. J. Helmstadter (London: Routledge, 1992; pp. ix + 205. [pounds]35), is a worthy tribute to a distinguished and influential American historian of...

A History of British Trade Unionism, c. 1770-1990.
June 1, 1995... Keith Laybourn, in A History of British Trade Unionism, c. 1770-1990 (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1992; pp. 238. [pounds]24), defines his central purpose as 'to produce a clear pathway through the forest of detailed research which has appeared in...

Proportional Representation: Critics of the British Electoral System, 1820-1945.
June 1, 1995... Proportional representation has been an issue, intermittently, for over a century in British politics. In Proportional Representation. Critics of the British Electoral System, 1820-1945 (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1992; pp. 312. [pounds]35) Jenifer...

The Late Victorian Army: 1868-1902.
June 1, 1995... As the second volume to be published in a projected nine-volume Manchester History of the British Army, Edward M. Spiers's The Late Victorian Army, 1868-1902 (Manchester: U.P., 1992; pp. xiii + 375. [pounds]40) admirably fulfils the guidelines...

Politics and Class in Milan: 1881-1901.
June 1, 1995... Louise A. Tilly's Politics and Class in Milan, 1881-1901 (New York/Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1992; pp. xii + 355. [pounds]45) is an original case-study of working-class formation in Italy's major industrial city, which also aspires to contribute to...

Between Marxism and Anarchism: Benoit Malon and French Reformist Socialism.
June 1, 1995... Historians of French socialism disagree about the extent of its debt to the republican tradition. K. Steven Vincent has made an important contribution to our understanding of the complexity of the relationship in his Between Marxism and...

La Prison republicaine: 1871-1914.
June 1, 1995... In La Prison republicaine, 1871-1914 (Paris: Fayard, 1992; pp. 430. Pb. F140), Robert Badinter provides a critical history of French prisons which tells as much about the political life of the time as it does about the penal system. Influenced...

Religion et cultures en Bretagne: 1850-1950.
June 1, 1995... Michel Lagree, in his Religion et cultures en Bretagne, 1850-1950 (Paris: Fayard, 1992; pp. 601. Pb. F180), notes the stark contrast between nineteenth- and twentieth-century Brittany. On the one hand, there is the sleepy backwater which...

The Great Romanian Peasant Revolt of 1907.
June 1, 1995... Ion Ilincioiu has edited a volume of essays on The Great Romanian Peasant Revolt of 1907 (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Romane, 1991; pp. 296. Pb. Lei 110) which includes much new detail and is the first post-communist assessment of this...

How the War Was Won: Command and Technology in the British Army on the Western Front, 1917-1918.
June 1, 1995... Tim Travers's new book, How the War was Won. Command and Technology in the British Army on the Western Front, 1917-1918 (London: Roufledge, 1992; pp. xviii + 232. [pounds]37.50), complements and completes the same author's The Killing Ground,...

The Deliberations of the Council of Four, March 24-June 28, 1919. Notes of the Official Interpreter, Paul Mantoux, 2 vols.
June 1, 1995... The Council of Four (Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Orlando and Wilson) formed the central body for discussion and decision-making at the Paris Peace Conference between the end of March and the end of June 1919. The interpreter for the four...

T.J.: A Life of Dr Thomas Jones, CH.
June 1, 1995... Thomas Jones of Rhymney, deputy-secretary to the Cabinet from December 1916 to 1930, was central to the British revolution in government in the twentieth century. Emerging, like so many in the Cabinet secretariat, from the National Insurance...

Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921.
June 1, 1995... In Survival and Consolidation. The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921 (Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queen's U.P., 1992; pp. xiii + 502. [pounds]42) Richard K. Debo continues the story of the early years of Soviet foreign policy he began in...

Habilitationsschrift: Antidemokratisches Denken in der Weimarer Republik. Die politischen Ideen des deutschen Nationalismus zwischen 1918 und 1933.
June 1, 1995... Kurt Sontheimer can rightly be described as one of the grand old men of political science and contemporary history in Germany. Many of his numerous publications are seminal ones. This is also the case with his Habilitationsschrift:...

La France, la Belgique et l'organisation economique de l'Europe: 1918-1935.
June 1, 1995... The evolution of Franco-Belgian economic relations from the First World War to the Depression of the 1930s is, it must be suspected, a subject which sets few pulses racing. It would be a shame, however, if this prejudice was to deprive Eric...

Russian Peasant Women.
June 1, 1995... Russian Peasant Women (New York/Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1992; pp. 304. [pounds]39.95; pb. [pounds]14.95), ed. Beatrice Farnsworth and Lynne Viola, is a useful collection of essays on aspects of rural society that focus on women and their place in...

Simon: A Political Biography of Sir John Simon.
June 1, 1995... Which British politician occupied, uniquely, all four of the principal offices of state short of the premiership? Who alone was a member of both Cabinets which declared war on Germany, in 1914 and 1939? Then again: which Cabinet minister has...

Harold Temperley: A Scholar and Romantic in the Public Realm.
June 1, 1995... Harold Temperley had a significant place amongst British academics during the inter-war years, figuring variously as a prolific writer of diplomatic and contemporary history, as a vigorous academic entrepreneur, as co-editor of British...

The Popular Front and Central Europe: The Dilemmas of French Impotence, 1918-1940.
June 1, 1995... Nicole Jordan's The Popular Front and Central Europe. The Dilemmas of French Impotence, 1918-1940 (Cambridge: U.P., 1992; pp. xvii + 348. [pounds]37.50) focuses on French diplomacy and strategy under Leon Blum's first Popular Front ministry in...

The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War.
June 1, 1995... Like all symposia, The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War, ed. John Hiden and Thomas Lane (Cambridge: U.P., 1992; pp. xiii + 177. [pounds]24.95), includes essays of varying merit and interest. But the editors have compiled a...

Conflict and Amity in East Asia: Essays in Honour of Ian Nish.
June 1, 1995... Conflict and Amity in East Asia. Essays in Honour of Ian Nish, ed. T. G. Fraser and Peter Lowe (London: Macmillan, 1992; pp. xiv + 190. [pounds]40), an act of homage to the founder of modern Japanology in Great Britain by his scholarly friends,...

The 'Nazi Menace' in Argentina: 1931-1947.
June 1, 1995... In the past twenty years several major investigations of the policies followed by Britain and the United States towards Argentina in the 1940s have been published. While this literature has analysed British and US perceptions of the 'German...

The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations with China in World War II.
June 1, 1995... The law of diminishing returns in international relations is shown to good effect in Wesley M. Bagby's account of The Eagle-Dragon Alliance. America's Relations with China in World War II (Newark, Del./London: U. of Delaware P./Associated U.P.,...

Der stille Krieg: Der Wirtschaftskrieg zwischen Grossbritannien und der Schweiz in Zweiten Weltkrieg.
June 1, 1995... Using an extensive range of British and Swiss archives, Oswald Inglin in Der stille Krieg. Der Wirtschaftskrieg zwischen Grossbritannien und der Schweiz in Zweiten Weltkrieg (Zurich: Verlag Neue Zurcher Zeitung, 1991; pp. 478. N.p.) re-examines...

Documents diplomatiques suisses: 1848-1945, vol. 15, 8 septembre 1943-8 mai 1945.
June 1, 1995... The end of the Second World War produced a series of crises for Switzerland. To the north and south the Axis powers still controlled land routes and hence supplies to the besieged little democracy. On the other hand, the Allied powers had...

Philanthropy and the Hospitals of London.
June 1, 1995... F. K. Prochaska has already written two valuable studies of modern philanthropy. In Philanthropy and the Hospitals of London. The King's Fund, 1897-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1992; pp. x + 308. [pounds]35) he has produced a comprehensive...

A Domestic History of the Bank of England: 1930-1960.
June 1, 1995... When students and interested members of the public consider the workings of the Bank of England they invariably deal with its declared financial policy and its impact upon the economy. Elizabeth Hennessy set herself a different task, namely to...

The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century.
June 1, 1995... Since the dramatic events of 1989, there has been a legitimate sense of urgency among specialists and publishers alike to satisfy the sudden public interest in the recent history of eastern Europe. No imprint can carry greater weight in this...

Nationale Identitat und Europaische Einigung.
June 1, 1995... The political headlines of contemporary Europe testify to the inherent tension between the maintenance of national identity and the pursuit of European unity. These two aspirations, both of which we may consider to be desirable, are believed in...

People and Empires in African History: Essays in Memory of Michael Crowder.
June 1, 1995... With the death of Michael Crowder, still in his fifties, in 1988, African history lost its most enterprising and stimulating publicist. In their introduction to People and Empires in African History. Essays in Memory of Michael Crowder (London:...

The Making of Modern Cornwall: Historical Experience and the Persistence of Difference.
June 1, 1995... The subtitle of Philip Payton's The Making of Modern Cornwall (Redruth: Dyllansow Truran, 1992; pp. 272. [pounds]15) is Historical Experience and the Persistence of Difference. In what does the 'difference' consist? The approach is sociological...

Social Memory.
June 1, 1995... Of the co-authors of Social Memory (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992; pp. xii + 229. [pounds]35; pb. [pounds]11.95), which ranges far and wide over time and space, James Fentress is an anthropologist and Chris Wickham a historian. Such partnerships...