The English Historical Review articles from January 1993

The English Historical Review archives from January 1993

Rectitudines Singularum Personarum and Gerefa. (documents on the rights and obligations of English workers and tenants before the Norman Conquest of England)
January 1, 1993... THE document known as the Rectitudines Singularum Personarum (henceforth RSP) is the only systematic record we have of the rights and obligations of workers and tenants on an English estate before the Norman Conquest. Its Old English text is...

The courtiers of Henry VII.
January 1, 1993... By 1622, when he completed his History of the Reign of King Henry VII, Francis Bacon had had quite enough of courtiers. First he had vested his hopes of a career in government office in the patronage of Queen Elizabeth's dazzling young...

The imperial environment of French trade with Canada, 1660-1685.
January 1, 1993... THE first twenty-five years of Louis XIV's long rule were in many respects a distinct period in the history of French trade with the colony of New France. By 1685 the King and his ministers had transformed the French empire. The changes began...

Reforming Britain's weights and measures, 1660-1824.
January 1, 1993... IF 'all boundaries in economic history are disputable', then it might be said that the boundary between the early modern and the modern British economies is an historiographical bloodbath.(1) In particular, from one point of view...

The origins of the Chancellorship of the Exchequer. (Notes and Documents)
January 1, 1993... THE Chancellor of the Exchequer is a figure of such importance in modern government that it is strange the medieval origins of his office should have attracted so little attention. No doubt this is because the earliest Chancellors of the...

The 'diary' of Bulstrode Whitelocke. (English parliamentarian statesman and lawyer)
January 1, 1993... BECAUSE he left voluminous papers, the parliamentarian statesman and lawyer Bulstrode Whitelocke is one of the most familiar personalities of the Puritan Revolution -- even if not among the most engaging. Had he left no papers, we might not...

Ottonian Book Illumination: An Historical Study.
January 1, 1993... As befits a study of artistic manuscripts, this is a handsome book -- well laid out, clearly printed, and with a wealth of black-and-white and colour illustrations, the latter giving a good impression of the originals. It is basically a...

Kings and Lords in Conquest England.
January 1, 1993... ROBIN Fleming investigates the effects on England of the conquests of Cnut and William I within the period c.950 to 1086, especially the patterns of lordship the conquerors established and the changes in the geographical and economic balance...

The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700.
January 1, 1993... A SEQUEL to The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c.350--c.1450 (1988: rev. ante, civ. 678) by the same editor, this volume devoted to the early modern period is further evidence of the transformation which the history of...

Merchant Enterprise in Britain: From the Industrial Revolution to World War I.
January 1, 1993... THERE used to be a widely held view that the Industrial Revolution was preceded and was to be partly explained by a commercial revolution, or a commercial capitalism, which dominated the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This view is now...

Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855-1865.
January 1, 1993... THERE is something to be said for Marx's jibe that the Whigs were 'the aristocratic representatives of the bourgeoisie'. In seeking to rescue Palmerston from the notion that his mid-century supremacy was based on what John Vincent has called...

Arbeiter im Deutschen Kaiserreich, 1871 bis 1914.
January 1, 1993... THIS massive study of the German workers in the Bismarckian Empire is merely the first of four planned volumes on the same period. The others are to deal with the workers' movement (party and trade unions) from 1875 to 1890, 1890 to 1914, and...

One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward: Soviet Society and Politics under the New Economic Policy.
January 1, 1993... ONE of the aims of this work, claims its author, has been to try to present an unvarnished view of the New Economic Policy (NEP), based on contemporary sources, 'untinged by all later manipulations' (p. 20), particularly important, he rightly...

National Crisis and National Government: British Politics, the Economy and Empire, 1926-1932.
January 1, 1993... WITH this book Philip Williamson has made a major contribution to the study of high politics in a period in which party leaders confronted a range of crises. Williamson takes 1926 as his starting point, not because that was the year of the...

German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad, 1938-1945.
January 1, 1993... KLEMENS von Klemperer has earned our gratitude by bringing together in a single volume virtually all the evidence about the efforts made between 1938 and 1945 to remove Hitler and to shorten the war by negotiation. The task has taken him nearly...

Keine Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941-1945.
January 1, 1993... BOTH of these formidable, massively researched volumes deal with a major theme which has excited enduring and fierce controversy: Nazi racial policies and the involvement (or otherwise) of the Wehrmacht in putting them into practice on the...

Kaukasien: 1942-1943.
January 1, 1993... BOTH of these formidable, massively researched volumes deal with a major theme which has excited enduring and fierce controversy: Nazi racial policies and the involvement (or otherwise) of the Wehrmacht in putting them into practice on the...

A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War.
January 1, 1993... THIS is a work of major importance. Melvyn P. Leffler's account of American policymaking during the Truman administration transcends previous syntheses. Based on prodigious research in the official documentation that has become available in the...

Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security.
January 1, 1993... THE last fifteen years or so have seen the development of a Cold War literature which gives increasing recognition to actors other than the two superpowers, and which is less concerned to attribute blame than earlier 'orthodox' anti-Soviet or...

Trygve Lie and the Cold War: The UN Secretary-General Pursues Peace, 1946-1953.
January 1, 1993... THE last fifteen years or so have seen the development of a Cold War literature which gives increasing recognition to actors other than the two superpowers, and which is less concerned to attribute blame than earlier 'orthodox' anti-Soviet or...

The Impossible Peace: Britain, the Division of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War.
January 1, 1993... THE last fifteen years or so have seen the development of a Cold War literature which gives increasing recognition to actors other than the two superpowers, and which is less concerned to attribute blame than earlier 'orthodox' anti-Soviet or...

Britain and the First Cold War.
January 1, 1993... THE last fifteen years or so have seen the development of a Cold War literature which gives increasing recognition to actors other than the two superpowers, and which is less concerned to attribute blame than earlier 'orthodox' anti-Soviet or...

L'Armee romaine sous le Haut-Empire.
January 1, 1993... Yann Le Bohec's L'Armee romaine sous le Haut-Empire (Paris: Picard, 1989; pp. 287. Pb. F 250) treats the Roman army as a wide theme whose constitutent elements must be studied as a whole. The author rightly notes the dangers of an excessively...

Rufinus of Aquileia and the Historia Ecclesiastica, Lib. VIII-IX.
January 1, 1993... Rufinus of Aquileia left his mark on the history of the Church at the turn of the fifth century, not only on account of his notorious quarrel with Jerome, but as one of the mediators of Greek patristic writings to the Latin-speaking West in the...

'Montjoie et saint Denis!' Le centre de la Gaule aux origines de Paris et de Saint-Denis.
January 1, 1993... Anne Lombard-Jourdan's 'Montjoie et saint Denis!' Le centre de la Gaule aux origines de Paris et de Saint-Denis (Paris: Presses du CNRS, 1989; pp. 392. F 240) illustrates some of the dangers to which an exclusively localized approach to history...

The Carolingians and the Written Word.
January 1, 1993... The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge: U.P., 1989; pp. xvi + 290. [pound]30; pb. [pound]9.95) marks Rosamond McKitterick's third major contribution to Carolingian history since 1977. In addition to books on the Frankish church and...

Medieval Ireland: The Enduring Tradition.
January 1, 1993... Michael Richter's Medieval Ireland: The Enduring Tradition (London: Macmillan, 1988; pp. xii + 214. Pb. [pound]10.99) is a brave book, which attempts to present the main features and events of medieval Irish history from the fifth century to...

Coinage in Tenth-Century England: From Edward the Elder to Edgar's Reform.
January 1, 1993... From the time of Eadgar's reform (c.973), English silver pennies all bore a mint-signature, were uniform in type, and have survived in great numbers in Scandinavian hoards. Before c.973 the coins bore only a moneyer's name, were regionally...

Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries.
January 1, 1993... The message which Pauline Stafford seeks to convey in Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries (London: Edward Arnold, 1989; pp. 232. Pb. [pound]10.95) is that the development of...

Die Briefe des Petrus Damiani, 2 vols.
January 1, 1993... Die Briefe des Petrus Damiani, Vol. II: Nr. 41--90. Vol. III: Nr. 91--150, ed. Kurt Reindel (Munich: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 1988, 1989: pp. xxxv + 579, xxx + 557. N.p.) publish, to the customary high standards of the M.G.H., Peter's...

Die Abtei Moissac, 1050-1150: Zu einem Zentrum cluniacensischen Monchtums in Sudwestfrankreich.
January 1, 1993... In 1048 the abbey of Moissac, with a 400-year history behind it, became a dependent abbey of the relatively upstart Cluny and the centre of Cluniac monasticism in south-west France. The period between its incorporation in the Cluniacensis...

Dedications of Monastic Houses in England and Wales, 1066-1216.
January 1, 1993... Alison Binns describes her Dedications of Monastic Houses in England and Wales, 1066--1216 (Woodbridge: Boydell P., 1989; pp. xii + 225. [pound]22.50) as the 'first systematic investigation' of its subject ever to have been published. So indeed...

The Early Charters of the Augustinian Canons of Waltham Abbey, 1062-1230.
January 1, 1993... Waltham Abbey, founded as a college of secular canons c.1040, was refounded as an Augustinian priory in 1177 by Henry II. Its endowments, both temporal and spiritual, were substantial, and by the Dissolution it was one of the wealthiest...

Die Italiener im Heiligen Land vom ersten Kreuzzug bis zum Tode Heinrichs von Champagne, 1098-1197.
January 1, 1993... Although the armies of the First Crusade made their way to the East by land, for the next two centuries the lifeline between Latin Syria and Europe was the sea and there was in consequence an important role for Italians as intermediaries...

La Vielle et l'epee: Troubadours et politique en Provence au XIII siecle.
January 1, 1993... Verse form, as Martin Aurell admits in La Vielle et l'epee. Troubadours et politique en Provence au XII[I.sup.e] siecle (Paris: Aubier, 1989; pp. 379. Pb. F164.), is not the easiest vehicle for political exhortation. With considerable skill he...

Popes, Teachers and Canon Law in the Middle Ages.
January 1, 1993... Popes, Teachers and Canon Law in the Middle Ages, ed. James Ross Sweeney and Stanley Chodorow (Ithaca, NY/London: Cornell U.P., 1989; pp. xiii + 342. $52.25), is a Festschrift to honour Brian Tierney of Cornell University on his sixty-fifth...

Edition critique et commentee de Pierre de Langtoft: le regne d'Edouard I, vol. i.
January 1, 1993... Perhaps it is because it is not only written in French, but also in verse, that Peter Langtoft's chronicle has been somewhat neglected by historians of Edward I's reign. The only available editions have been the nineteenth-century ones by...

Olivi and Franciscan Poverty: The Origins of the Usus Pauper Controversy.
January 1, 1993... David Burr's Olivi and Franciscan Poverty. The Origins of the Usus Pauper Controversy (Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania P., 1989; pp. xi + 211. [pound]26.95) is the most convincing reconstruction we are ever likely to get of the motives at work...

The Medieval Idea of Marriage.
January 1, 1993... In The Medieval Idea of Marriage (Oxford: U.P., 1989; pp. xviii + 325. [pound]16.95), Christopher N. L. Brooke offers 'some footprints of a great idea'. He first had the notion of writing a history of medieval marriage in 1962. Had Professor...

Die PreuBenreisen des europaischen Adels, vol. i.
January 1, 1993... The Habilitationsschrift system has its failings, but at its best it leads to monographs of outstanding quality, of which Die Preu[beta]enreisen des europaischen Adels, vol. i (Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke, 1989; pp. 396. DM 138) is an excellent...

Medieval Westminster, 1200-1540.
January 1, 1993... The task of the medieval urban historian is, as Susan Reynolds puts it, to use records 'which are often predominantly legal and repellently technical, to tell the story of the living society which produced them'. Gervase Rosser's Medieval...

From Lord to Patron: Lordship in Late Medieval England.
January 1, 1993... For almost half a century, thanks in great part to the work of K. B. McFarlane, the concept of 'bastard feudalism' has occupied a pivotal place in historians' understanding of late medieval English society. The great magnates, with their bands...

A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages.
January 1, 1993... Mark Bailey's A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge: U.P., 1989; pp. xv + 350. [pound]35) is a fascinating and important study of an English region which had nothing in its favour except for good...

Ansatze und Diskontinuitat deutscher Nationsbildung im Mittelalter.
January 1, 1993... Investigations into the political and cultural identity of medieval Germany have traditionally been hampered by the very diffuseness of the Empire as a polity, far removed from state formation, and by the historiographical miasma surrounding...

Book Production and Publishing in Britain: 1375-1475.
January 1, 1993... The appearance of Book Production and Publishing in Britain, 1375--1475, ed. Jeremy Griffiths and Derek Pearsall (Cambridge: U.P., 1989; pp. xix + 463. [pound]45), is -- as admitted in a disarming Introduction by Pearsall -- premature in many...

Florence and Italy: Renaissance Studies in Honour of Nicolai Rubinstein.
January 1, 1993... The pieces in Florence and Italy. Renaissance Studies in Honour of Nicolai Rubinstein (London: Westfield College, Comm. for Medieval Studies, 1988; pp. xviii + 526. [pound]22.50) are written and presented by some of those who have regularly...

Schooling in Renaissance Italy: Literacy and Learning, 1300-1600.
January 1, 1993... Paul F. Grendler's Schooling in Renaissance Italy: Literacy and Learning, 1300--1600 (Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins U.P., 1989; pp. xxiii + 477. $29) provides the most comprehensive and detailed account so far available of the varieties,...

Thomas Muntzer, Mystiker, Apokalyptiker, Revolutionar.
January 1, 1993... Thomas Muntzer, Mystiker, Apokalyptiker, Revolutionar, by Hans-Jurgen Goertz (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1989; pp. 215. DM 34) and Thomas Muntzer. Theology and Revolution in the German Reformation, by Tom Scott (London: Macmillan, 1989; pp. xix + 203....

Thomas Muntzer: Theology and Revolution in the German Reformation.
January 1, 1993... Thomas Muntzer, Mystiker, Apokalyptiker, Revolutionar, by Hans-Jurgen Goertz (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1989; pp. 215. DM 34) and Thomas Muntzer. Theology and Revolution in the German Reformation, by Tom Scott (London: Macmillan, 1989; pp. xix + 203....

Paraphrase on Mark.
January 1, 1993... A new volume in the Toronto series of Collected Works of Erasmus is his Paraphrase on Mark (Toronto/Buffalo: U. of Toronto P., 1988; pp. xiv + 235. [pound]28). It has been impeccably translated and annotated by Erika Rummel, and as impeccably...

The Blind Devotion of the People: Popular Religion and the English Reformation.
January 1, 1993... Robert Whiting borrows a phrase from the Exeter Protestant John Hooker for his title, The Blind Devotion of the People. Popular Religion and the English Reformation (Cambridge: U.P., 1989; pp. xii + 302. [pound]30). This fits a book on...

Chronica. Ordo Sacerdotis and Acta HN: Three Texts on the Family of Love.
January 1, 1993... Given the elusive character of the Family of Love, one of the most shadowy and mysterious of sixteenth-century religious sects, it is perhaps somewhat ironic that the career of its founder hendrik Niclaes should be so well documented. This is...

Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem.
January 1, 1993... Despite the title, Amnon Cohen's Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem (Cambridge: U. P., 1989; pp. 179. [pound]27.50) deals only with Jerusalem in the sixteenth century and only with the trades and commodities defined in the chapter-headings:...

Suvusta perheeseen: Satakunnan ja Karjalan naisen asema 1500-luvulla.
January 1, 1993... Anneli Makela's study of women in sixteenth-century Finland, Suvusta perheeseen. Satakunnan ja Karjalan naisen asema 1500-luvulla (Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1989; pp. 255. Pb. n.p.), is a brave venture; for as the author severely...

Class, Community and Culture in Tudor Wales.
January 1, 1993... Class, Community and Culture in Tudor Wales (Cardiff: U. of Wales P., 1989; pp. xxi + 300. [pound]29.50), ed. J. Gwynfor Jones, is a collection of essays, the bulk of which began life as papers presented to an undergraduate conference at...

Statuti e riforme del comune di Terranuova, 1487-1685.
January 1, 1993... The last few years have seen the publication of many historical studies of Italian villages and small towns in the late medieval and early modern periods (cf. ante, ciii. 493), usefully correcting what has from so many points of view been a...

Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century.
January 1, 1993... English-speaking historians have a tradition of writing major monographs on the social history of early modern Italian cities. In consequence, Christopher F. Black's Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge: U. P., 1989; pp....

Sir Robert Heath, 1574-1649: Window on an Age.
January 1, 1993... The subject of Paul E. Kopperman's 1972 doctoral dissertation, now revised and published as Sir Robert Heath, 1574--1649: Window on an Age (Woodbridge: The Boydell P., for Royal Historical Soc., 1989; pp. x + 335. [pound]35), may not have been...

'But the People's Creatures': The Philosophical Basis of the English Civil War.
January 1, 1993... John Sanderson's 'But the People's Creatures': The Philosophical Basis of the English Civil War (Manchester: U. P., 1989; pp. 240. [pound]29.95) is a straightforward book. It concentrates on the pamphlet war from the outbreak of the Civil War...

Puritans and Regicide: Presbyterian - Independent Differences over the Trial and Execution of Charles Stuart.
January 1, 1993... Noel Henning Mayfield in Puritans and Regicide: Presbyterian -- Independent Differences over the Trial and Execution of Charles (I) Stuart (Lanham, Md./New York: U.P. of America, 1988; pp. xii + 269. $28.50) asserts that civil war...

Secret Rites and Secret Writing. Royalist Literature, 1641-1660.
January 1, 1993... Secret Rites and Secret Writing. Royalist Literature, 1641--1660, by Lois Potter (Cambridge: U. P., 1989; pp. xvi + 242. [pound]32.50), would be easier to review if its author had made it clearer what is being said and to whom it is addressed....

Vorderosterreich in der fruhen Neuzeit.
January 1, 1993... Vorderosterreich or Anterior Austria was a complex of disparate territories under Habsburg rule extending from the present-day Austrian province of Vorarlberg and the Margravate of Burgau though southern Swabia and the Upper Rhenish region to...

The Puritan Ordeal.
January 1, 1993... The confidence with which historians of Puritans and Puritanism in seventeenth-century America address their subject is in striking contrast with the diffidence, it not reluctance, of some leading authorities on Elizabethan and Stuart England,...

Cromwell's Navy: The Fleet and the English Revolution, 1648-1660.
January 1, 1993... The role of the New Model Army in the military and political development of the 1640s and 1650s has always attracted more agitated attention than the Navy's. Bernard Capp, who has enhanced interest in Fifth Monarchists and astrologers, both...

Establishing the New Science: The Experience of the Early Royal Society.
January 1, 1993... The principal market for Michael Hunter's Establishing the New Science: The Experience of the Early Royal Society, (Woodbridge: Boydell P., 1989; pp. xiv + 382.[pound]45), on account of both its cost and content, will doubtless be libraries....

An English Consul in Turkey: Paul Rycaut at Smyrna, 1667-1678.
January 1, 1993... Sonia P. Anderson's An English Consul in Turkey: Paul Rycaut at Smyrna, 1667--1678 (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1989; pp. xii + 323.[pound]35) is in fact a full biography of the diplomat-historian, but, as the title indicates, the focus remains very...

By Force or by Default? The Revolution of 1688-1689.
January 1, 1993... Eveline Cruickshanks, in her editorial preface to By Force or by Default? The Revolution of 1688--1689 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1989; pp. xi + 196. [pound]20), expresses her disappointment that the tercentennial debate on the Revolution of...

The Works of George Savile, Marquis of Halifax.
January 1, 1993... Of the thirty pieces included in The Works of George Savile, Marquis of halifax, ed. Mark N. Brown (3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon P., 1989; pp. xliii + 416, xii + 527, x + 504. [pound]50, [pound]60, [pound]55), thirteen have been published before,...

Die Gerichtspraxis der altstandischen Gesellschaft im Zeitalter des 'Absolutismus': Die Gutachtertatigkeit der Helmstedter Juristenfakultat fur die brandenburgisch-preussischen Territorien, 1675-1710.
January 1, 1993... Further evidence of the limits of central control over their lands by the Great Elector of Brandenburg and the first prussian king is provided by Peter-Michael Hahn's detailed study, Die Gerichtspraxis der altstandischen Gesellschaft im...

The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660-1730.
January 1, 1993... The economic and social history of London during the period covered by The Making of the English Middle Class. Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660--1730, by Peter Earle (London: Methuen, 1989; pp. xiii + 446. [pound]25), when the...

Letters of Humfrey Wanley, Palaeographer, Anglo-Saxonist, Librarian, 1672-1726: With an Appendix of Documents.
January 1, 1993... Letters of Humfrey Wanley, Palaeographer, Anglo-Saxonist, Librarian, 1672--1726. With an Appendix of Documents, ed. P. L. Heyworth (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1989; pp. xlii + 514. [pound]65) has, as the editor says, been a long time in the making....

Stato, aristocrazie e Ordine di Malta nell'Italia moderna.
January 1, 1993... To the voluble modern debate on the post-Renaissance Italian nobilities, Angelantonio Spagnoletti's Stato, aristocrazie e Ordine di Malta nell'Italia moderna (Rome/Bari: Ecole Francaise/Univerita degli Studi, 1988; pp. xiv + 227. Pb. n.p.) is a...

La fin du feodalisme dans le Pays de Caux: Conjoncture economique et demographique et structure sociale dans une region de grande culture de la crise du XVII siecle a la stabilisation de la Revolution, 1640-1795.
January 1, 1993... In 1974 Pierre Goubert expressed a view, common among historians of Bourbon France, that more regional and local studies were needed before it would be possible to draw sound general conclusions about rural France in the pre-Revolutionary...

Prophecy and Power: Astrology in Early Modern England.
January 1, 1993... In Prophecy and Power. Astrology in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Polity P., 1989; pp. 238. [pound]27.50), Patrick Curry brings together a growing body of specialist research (including his own) and recent works on science and political...

The Diaries of Jeffery Whitaker, Schoolmaster of Bratton, 1739-41.
January 1, 1993... Jeffery Whitaker, schoolmaster, Nonconformist, archaeologist and farmer, was descended from a family which had lived in the vicinity of Bratton, Wiltshire, since at least the mid-fifteenth century. He died, a bachelor, aged seventy-two in 1775....

Work and Wages: Natural Law, Politics and the Eighteenth-Century French Trades.
January 1, 1993... It is Michael Sonenscher's contention that the French artisan economy of the eighteenth century has too often been oversimplified and distorted by historians, especially, perhaps, by those historians who have sought in the workshops of...

Women, Work, and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-Century England.
January 1, 1993... Women, Work, and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989; pp. 275. [pound]29.50), by Bridget Hill, is a fascinating book which incorporates both a full synthesis of recent writing on eighteenth-century...

Philosophy and Science in the Scottish Enlightenment.
January 1, 1993... Two classic forms of whiggery continue to bestet the historiography of the Scottish Enlightenment. The first reduces intellectual history to the history of ideologies and institutions; the second reduces it to the disciplinary categories which...

Improvement and Enlightenment: Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar, 1987-88.
January 1, 1993... Two classic forms of whiggery continue to bestet the historiography of the Scottish Enlightenment. The first reduces intellectual history to the history of ideologies and institutions; the second reduces it to the disciplinary categories which...

Studies in the Philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment.
January 1, 1993... Two classic forms of whiggery continue to bestet the historiography of the Scottish Enlightenment. The first reduces intellectual history to the history of ideologies and institutions; the second reduces it to the disciplinary categories which...

L'identite cachee: Paysans proprietaires dans l'Alta Langa aux XVII-XIX siecles.
January 1, 1993... The district of Le Langhe in north-west Italy, the subject of Lucia Carle's L'Identite cachee. Paysans proprietaires dans l'Alta Langa aux XVI[I.sup.e]-XI[X.sup.e] siecles (Paris: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1989; pp. 268. Pb....

Health for Sale: Quackery in England, 1660-1850.
January 1, 1993... In his hugely entertaining Health for Sale: Quackery in England, 1660-1850 (Manchester: U. P., 1989; pp. xi + 280. [pound]19.95), Roy Porter asks the expected question of his subject, but, rightly, declines the usual answer. How did quack...

Penitenza e devozione: l'episcopato del card.
January 1, 1993... Another local study of Italian diocesan documents in the mid-eighteenth century is found in Miriam Turrini's Penitenza e devozione: l'episcopato del card. Marcello Crescenzi a Ferrara, 1746--1768 (Brescia: Paideia, 1989; pp. 388. N.p.). It was...

Town and Countryside: The English Landowner in the National Economy, 1660-1860.
January 1, 1993... Anyone who has ever spent time interviewing candidates for university entrance will know that A-level British history either begins in 1485 or 1509 and ends in 1660 or 1714, or begins in 1815 or 1870 and ends in 1945. The eighteenth century...