Laser Focus World articles from December 2008

Laser Focus World archives from December 2008

Liquid mirrors deform magnetically.(newsbreaks)
December 1, 2008... A unique liquid mirror has been developed by researchers at Universite Laval (Quebec, QC, Canada) that combines a surface film of silver particles with a magnetic fluid. To prepare the mirrors, 6 mL of ferrofluid were placed in a 7-cm-diameter...

Spiral photonic-crystal fiber design is golden.(newsbreaks)
December 1, 2008... Engineers at City University London (London, England) have demonstrated a photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) in which the air holes were laid out in a "golden spiral" (GS)--a pattern governed by a mathematical constant (approximately 1.61803) known...

Optimized tungsten photonic-crystal emitters outdo blackbodies in IR bands.(newsbreaks)
December 1, 2008... Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories and the University of New Mexico (both in Albuquerque, NM) have numerically optimized tungsten photonic-crystal (PC) thermal emitters for certain IR bands and simulated how they emit in comparison to...

Photonic structures on chip resonate with infrared quantum-dot emission.(newsbreaks)
December 1, 2008... Optical coupling of quantum dots and silicon (Si) photonic-crystal cavities may be useful as novel optical integrated light emitters that can be erased and rewritten, say scientists in Italy and France. Doctoral student Silvia Vignolini and...

CNT electrode for OLED displays is transparent and flexible.(newsbreaks)
December 1, 2008... Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the basis of a transparent electrode that researchers at the University of Texas at Dallas have developed for use in high-brightness organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). While the electrode was tested...

New planar metamaterials structures may act as chemical-agent detectors.(newsbreaks)
December 1, 2008... In addition to their starring role in negative-refractive-index materials and cloaking devices, metamaterials may play a new part in detectors of biological and chemical agents. Scientists in Boston have developed novel metamaterial...

NIF is precursor to LIFE project.(LASER FUSION-FISSION)
December 1, 2008... The goal of the U.S. National Ignition Facility (NIF; lasers.llnl.gov) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL; Livermore, CA), due for completion in March 2009, the Laser MegaJoule (LMJ; Bordeaux, France), and the European High-Power...

OCT technique measures bulk refractive index. (optoelectronics world news.
December 1, 2008... Although critical-angle refractometry techniques are well-established for measuring the refractive index of homogeneous transparent materials with an uncertainty on the order of [10.sup.-6], these techniques only measure the index at a smooth,...

Airy light 'throws a curve ball'.(OPTICAL MANIPULATION)
December 1, 2008... Named after the famous British astronomer Sir George Airy, the Airy beam does not diffract or spread and can actually bend or curve as it propagates; in 2007, Airy light beams were demonstrated by a research team at the University of Central...

Current-driven nanotubes emit at IR wavelengths.(NANOTECHNOLOGY)
December 1, 2008... Although emission from direct-bandgap, semiconducting, current-injected carbon nanotubes is weak, spectrally broad, diffuse, and nondirectional in nature, researchers at the IBM Thomas ]. Watson Research Center (Yorktown Heights, NY) have...

Silicon core is highly crystalline.(IR FIBERS)
December 1, 2008... Scientists at Clemson University (Clemson, SC) have figured out how to fabricate a silicon (Si)-core, glass-clad optical fiber using a conventional fiber-draw process. (1) In addition, the resulting fiber has a highly crystalline core--in fact,...

Nonclassical OCT images biological sample.(QUANTUM PHOTONICS)
December 1, 2008... Quantum optical coherence tomography (OCT) has, for the first time, been shown to be a viable biological imaging technique, says M. Boshra Nasr, a postdoctoral researcher in the Quantum Imaging Laboratory at Boston University (Boston, MA). Nasr...

Ultraviolet ZnO laser diode has p-n junction.(SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS)
December 1, 2008... Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an alternative to gallium nitride (GaN) as a UV-emitting semiconductor, but it is more difficult to make into lasers. While a GaN laser normally takes the form of the conventional electrically pumped cleaved-crystal diode,...

Mini white-light source has tunable color temperature.(VISIBLE ILLUMINATION)
December 1, 2008... The synthesis of uniform white light from separate red, blue, and green LEDs gets more difficult as the area to be illuminated gets smaller and more akin to the size of the LEDs themselves. Options that rely on diffusers face a tradeoff: the...

Smooth operator: a quantum-stabilized mirror is 'smoothest surface ever'.(ATOM OPTICS)
December 1, 2008... Ultrasmooth mirrors could enable a new kind of microscope: a scanning heliumatom microscope that could use helium (He) particles as nondestructive probes to image nanometer-scale surface details of a material. Such microscopes hold promise for...

Photovoltaic-material sensitivity stretches from UV to near-IR.(OPTICAL MATERIALS)
December 1, 2008... New research results appear to enhance the optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors known as conjugated organic oligomers and polymers, and may eventually extend their list of current applications to include highly efficient solar...

Femtosecond pulses reach terawatt power via Yb:Ca[F.sub.2].(DIODE-PUMPED LASERS)
December 1, 2008... Lasers at terawatt ([10.sup.12] W) powers have potential for all kinds of interesting new physics, but the systems are bulky, inefficient, and plagued by the difficulty of managing the heat without melting the optics (see...

How to weather today's business environment.(business forum)
December 1, 2008... As the downturn in the economy continues to make headlines, how will it impact our industry? The laser industry won't escape unscathed, but we are likely to fare better than most because we serve a broad range of applications, and government...

Holographic planar concentrator increases solar-panel efficiency.(OPTICS FOR SOLAR ENERGY)
December 1, 2008... [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Worldwide solar-energy output has grown dramatically in recent years, particularly in Europe, China, and the U.S. The total output from all solar installations worldwide, however, still remains around 7 GW, only a tiny...

Photonics West hailed as 'essential photonics event'.(PHOTONICS WEST PREVIEW)
December 1, 2008... Last year's announcement that SPIE's Photonics West 2010 will be held at the Moscone Convention Center in San Francisco, CA, is testament to the tremendous growth of what many people say is now the "must-attend" event of the optics and...

Discrete amplification dramatically improves single-photon detection.(SINGLE-PHOTON DETECTORS)
December 1, 2008... To achieve single-photon sensitivity, researchers have developed and customized numerous detector technologies to suit particular applications such as photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), linear and Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (APDs), and hybrid...

Polymicro Technologies: a subsidiary of Molex.(CORPORATE CAPABILITIES)(Company overview)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Company Description Since 1984, Polymicro Technologies, a subsidiary of Molex Incorporated, delivers CREATIVE... INNOVATIVE .. . SOLUTIONS for the aerospace, analytical, astronomy, automotive, bio-defense,...

Ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography gets adaptive-optic 'glasses'.(MEDICAL OCT)
December 1, 2008... Adaptive-optics techniques, which are well known for correcting Earth-based atmospheric effects in astronomical images, are finding new practical application on a smaller scale for retinal imaging. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] In only 15 years,...

Femtosecond fiber laser enables reliable wafer-level processing.(ULTRAFAST FIBER LASERS)
December 1, 2008... [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Consumer microelectronics are continually moving toward higher-density interconnects in semiconductor chips and packages. The complexity of materials composition incorporated into the chips--processor and memory...

Materials are a tough challenge for ultraviolet diode lasers: aluminum gallium nitride can emit light at wavelengths close to 200 nm, but developers need another breakthrough in materials before they can push semiconductor diode lasers into the deep ultraviolet.(PHOTONIC FRONTIERS: SEMICONDUCTOR UV LASERS)
December 1, 2008... The 1990s saw the dramatic breakthrough of the blue diode laser and the mood was optimistic that diode lasers could be pushed to even shorter wavelengths. Judging from bandgaps alone, nitride-based III-V semiconductors offered the possibility...

High-resolution sensors capture application-defined spectral bands in real time.(BIOSPECTROSCOPY)
December 1, 2008... A recently developed method of multi-spectral imaging--which combines the advantages of imaging and spectroscopy--allows concurrent capturing of spatial and spectral information in a way that overcomes the limitations of existing technologies....

Laser modules.(new products)
December 1, 2008... A family of 888 nm laser modules from QPC includes the Ultra-50, with output from 35 to 50 W, the Ultra-100, with output from 85 to 100 W, and the Ultra-5000, with output from 110 to more than 250 W. Power is delivered by 200 or 400 pm core...

Fluorescence lifetime system.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The TemPro fluorescence lifetime system provides time-correlated single-photon counting. It has interchangeable pulsed laser diode and LED sources covering discrete emission wavelengths from 255 nm to NIR. Rotational correlation times can be...

Beam profiler.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The USB L11058 large-format beam-profiling camera is designed to measure large ultraviolet beams. The 4008 x 2672-pixel format allows profiling of beams up to 24 x 36 mm without reduction optics. It provides frame...

Photometer.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The LumiCam 1300 imaging photometer has measuring times 30% faster than its previous version. A Gigabit Ethernet interface allows for fast data transfer, and integrated version 4.0 software adds new analysis tools. The system also comes with a...

Goniometric cradles.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] AGC series motorized goniometers are designed for applications in which 90[degrees] of angular travel is needed with the payload at the center of rotation. They can be mounted on standard optical tables or on rotary...

Spectrometer.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The AvaSpec-128 has a new cylindrical lens that increases sensitivity by a factor of four. The detector array, with a pixel height of 63.5 [micro]m, can measure a full 128-pixel spectrum in 60 ms. The detector covers the 350 to 1100 nm...

Pointing laser.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The Mini-Green laser with integrated photodetector can be set to maintain constant output power up to 8 mW [TEM.sub.00], operating over more than 30[degrees]C of change in ambient temperature. The diode-pumped solid-state laser measures 5.6 mm...

Safety sign.(new products)
December 1, 2008... A series of lit laser safety signs come in four standard prints: Danger Class 3R, Danger Class 3B, Danger Class 4, and Notice. Standard size is 12 x 16 x 2 in. They come with a 20,000-hour bulb. Custom signs are also available. ...

Ultrafast laser.(new products)
December 1, 2008... An E-O, Q-switched, diode-pumped, Nd:YV[O.sub.4] laser offers a [TEM.sub.00] pulse repetition rate of 100 kHz with greater than 1 W power, or more with an amplifier. Active Q-switching allows synchronization to external signals or events, and...

Laser pump module.(new products)
December 1, 2008... A single-emitter-based pump-laser module delivers 20 W of fiber coupled power into a 105 [micro]m, 0.15 NA fiber. The module is designed for fiber-laser and direct systems for materials-processing applications. It offers more than 80% coupling...

Optical-design software.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The V2R1 release of Advanced Systems Analysis Program (ASAP) 2008 now includes penalty functions, enhancement to polarization functions, and improvements to the Poincare Sphere visualization tool. The software has a larger set of roughness and...

Fiber-optic assemblies.(new products)
December 1, 2008... Vacuum-sealed fiber-optic assemblies transmit UV, visible, and NIR optical energy in and out of vacuum environments, with fibers continuous through the seal to ensure zero insertion loss. The assemblies are certified at 10 to 9 [cm.sup.3]/s...

Polarizer.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The colorPol IR 1550 BCA T2 HT polarizer offers an extinction ration better than 40 dB and the insertion loss undercuts 0.1 dB. The filters offer transmittance of more than 98% with antireflection coating and contract more than 10:1 in the 1280...

Positioning system.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The LFA-1012 linear-focus actuator uses a zero-translation tangential flexure for high-speed travel. It has a clear aperture, 10 mm stroke length and standard 12 mm optics mount, with an optional DIN mount available for microscopes. Resolution...

Light source.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The RS-5NVIS digital light source is designed for testing and calibration of ANVIS radiometers and spectroradiometers. It has a feedbackstabilized LED optical head with a diffusely illuminated area that can be filtered. It allows light level...

Beamsplitter.(new products)
December 1, 2008... A custom 6x beamsplitter assembly provides 3 kW output at 10.6 [micro]m. The internal mirror mounts are top-adjusted and water-cooled. The optics are mounted in a cartridge for easy removal, and the mirror mounts are within a sealed aluminum...

Spot curer.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The iCure AS200 is an inline fiberoptic system that provides heat by infrared radiation for rapid curing of adhesives in automated manufacturing processes. A light guide offers precise, localized heating, and the system comes with a wide array...

Fiber-coupled diode.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The 6398-L4 series fiber-coupled diode laser protects diodes from destructive power feedback during operation. It generates 10 W of output in the 910 to 980 nm range, and delivers it through a 100 [micro]m fiber with NA of either 0.22 or 0.15....

CMOS camera.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The Kalypso 023-USB 1/3 in. CMOS camera comes with a USB 2.0 inteface and offers 10-bit digitization depth at a resolution of 752 x 480 pixels. The camera achieves more than 55 dB, and in the high dynamic range mode it achieves more than 80 dB....

Bandpass filters.(new products)
December 1, 2008... Bandpass filters for infrared and terahertz applications are designed with patterned, cross-shaped, and other resonant opening geometries that allow the transmission of light at specific wavelengths. Filters in diameters of 12.5, 19, and 25 mm...

Nonball lead screw.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The Mini Series nonball lead screw is built for miniature applications such as data storage drives, and laser and optical focusing mechanisms. The device is offered in antibacklash and general-purpose lead screw...

Fiber-coupled diodes.(new products)
December 1, 2008... Fiber-coupled diode lasers reach 10 kW of output on a 1500 [micro]m fiber. The main applications are heat-treating, such as hardening engine parts in automotive manufacturing, and cladding for the prevention of wear in the oil industry. ...

IBS coatings.(new products)
December 1, 2008... High-precision ion-beam-sputtering coatings are available for special requirements, such as low-loss supermirrors, complex filter designs, or coatings on crystals. The company's express service provides coatings and optics within 24 hours, one...

LEDs.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Series SML-HI505xxx-TR OctoLEDs are LEDs with surface-mount technology. They deliver up to 7000 mcd, depending on color, and are designed for applications requiring surface mounting, such as front-panel, PCB...

Thermoelectric module.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The OptoCooler UPF40 thermoelectric module is designed for temperature control on optoelectronic devices, such as semiconductor optical amplifiers and laser diodes. It can be integrated directly into the packaging. It pumps up to 72...

Ultraflat optics.(new products)
December 1, 2008... Wafer-based optical fabrication and ion-beam-sputtering coatings allow for production of quantities of ultraflat optical components, such as solid silicon etalons for use as tunable dispersion compensators and optical-frequency discriminators....

VCSEL array.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The PO-CS1-70-W608 VCSEL laser produces 70 W CW output at 808 nm, with a spectral width of approximately 0.8 nm, thermally stable emission wavelength at 0.06 nm/K, and a low beam divergence of approximately NA 0.14. The device is immune to...

Laser scriber.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The SolaryX 420 laser scribing system is a flexible, semiautomated laser system for scribing the interconnect patterns of thin-film-on-glass solar panels. It is designed to accept 420 mm square glass substrates and is available in single- and...

Rotary stage.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The DT 65-LM positioning rotary stage is 25 mm tall and 105 mm long. It weighs 0.35 kg but supports loads up to 80 N. Driven by a piezo linear motor, it has positional accuracy of 0.015[degrees], repeatability of less than 0.003[degrees], and a...

Microchip lasers.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The SNP-30F-GM1 microchip laser delivers 250 mW output at 1064 nm in 0.7 ns pulses with energy of 8 [micro]J at a repetition rate of 30 kHz, with 11 kW peak power. It measures 142 x 37 x 35 mm, and is designed for...

Optical top.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The 730 Series vacuum-compatible optical top has design features and uses special cleaning of process materials and a vacuum pump-down procedure to achieve a high level of vacuum compatibility. It is built entirely...

HDTV camera.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The IK-HR1D HDTV camera has full 1080 progressive-scan resolution. The 1/3 in., 2.1 million megapizel CMOS sensor has a rate of 60 frames/s, eliminating motion artifacts. It measures 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 4 1/16 in., with...

Fluorescence system.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The Halcyone fluorescence lifetime measurement system is a hybrid that includes a fluorescence upconversion spectrometer and a time-correlated single-photon-counting unit. It can resolve fluorescence decay kinetics...

Solid-state laser.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The Cobalt Mambo CW, solid-state laser operates at 594 nm and has an output power of 25 mW. Based on proprietary PPKTP conversion technology, the laser features noise of less than 0.3% rms, beam quality of [M.sup.2]...

Cooled CCD camera.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The ORCA-R2 cooled CCD camera contains an ER-150 progressive-scan CCD with 1344 x 1024 pixels that is capable of simultaneous exposure and readout. Normal readout and rapid readout deliver full-resolution images at...

Micromachining lasers.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The AVIA 355-28 micromachining laser delivers 28 W of output at 355 nm, at 110 kHz. Features include PosiLock, a proprietary technology to achieve repeatable spot positioning at the work surface, Pulse EQ, which provides constant pulse energy...

UV-NIR spectrometers.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Back-thinned spectrometers, covering the spectral range from 190 to 1100 nm, minimize stray light by using a holographic aberration-corrected flat-field concave grating and optimized optical bench. The instruments...

Butterfly laser-diode module.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The 1550 nm EP1550-NLW-B butterfly laser-diode module is used for high-bandwidth coherent communications applications. The lasers have a guaranteed emission linewidth specified at 400 kHz and below with highly linear light current...

Ultrafast fiber laser.(new products)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The SC500-FC is a quasi-CW, supercontinuum fiber-laser source with average power of 0.25 W and a single-mode fiber-delivered output that can be spliced or connected to any system or DUT. The turnkey broadband source...

Silicon compounds catalog.(new products)
December 1, 2008... A catalog called Silicon Compounds: Silanes & Silicones introduces 300 new compounds and polymers, including new silicone macromers with controlled optical and surface properties. Technical data for over 2800 compounds as well as information on...

Portable spectrophotometer.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The LCRT-2005-S handheld, portable spectrophotometer measures regular (in-line) transmission of windows and glasses with and without reflection reducing coatings in the lab or on-site. The measurement configuration is identical to the luminance...

Hexagonal elements.(new products)
December 1, 2008... A series of hexagonal elements create six spots organized in a hexagonal shape. A seven-spot version also includes a spot in the center of the pattern. The element features transmission efficiency of 95%, diffraction efficiency of 75%, and...

Blue lasers.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The DENICAFC 488 (Double Enhanced Intra-Cavity Frequency Conversion) blue lasers are designed as a replacement for argon-ion lasers in flow cytometry, DNA sequencing, confocal microscopy, cell sorting, and Raman spectroscopy applications. The...

Low-scatter IR optics.(new products)
December 1, 2008... Low-scatter IR optics are available in sizes from 3 to 300 mm, in asphere, cylinder, sphere, and piano/flat configurations. The optical surfaces are precision polished, rather than diamond-turned to decrease surface roughness from about 75...

Fizeau interferometer.(new products)
December 1, 2008... The FizCam 3000 utilizes dynamic interferometry to acquire all measurement data in less than 1 ms. Suited for metrology of large optical elements, the unit is insensitive to vibration and air turbulence, enabling use in difficult environments...

Precision polymer optics.(MANUFACTURERS' PRODUCT SHOWCASE)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] G-S PLASTIC OPTICS specializes in the custom manufacture of precision polymer optics for use in imaging, scanning, detection, and illumination applications worldwide. In addition to having an extensive catalog...

New single frequency fiber laser system.(MANUFACTURERS' PRODUCT SHOWCASE)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The FLSIO fiber laser linecard system has been designed as a building block for densely spaced DWDM fiber sensing applications. A single shelf of a standard 19" rack can hold a maximum of 80 ultra-low-noise single...

Multi-channel power meter to PC interface.(MANUFACTURERS' PRODUCT SHOWCASE)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Ophir-Spiricon, the world's leading provider of laser measuring equipment, introduces the Pulsar-4 that turns your PC or laptop into a full-featured laser power/energy meter, eliminating the need for an external...

Infrared Germanium blanks and optics.(MANUFACTURERS' PRODUCT SHOWCASE)
December 1, 2008... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Novotech is a global supplier of infrared materials and services. Infrared Germanium is a core product, stocked in substantial inventories from ingots to polished or coated optics. Other materials stocked include...

Where does your digital breadcrumb trail lead?(in my view)
December 1, 2008... You might not be aware of this, but I hear there's a move afoot to implant an RFID in every pair of men's socks, thus solving, once and for all time, the vexing problem of catching those infuriating errant single socks that appear to be the...

New--pivoting base.(FOCUS ON PRODUCTS)
December 1, 2008... Designed to move a component in and out of the beam path. * Standard or metric hole pattern * 40mm platform * High repeatability which minimizes beam deviation * Compatible mount to many optical holders * Black anodized...

C-995 phase-locked loop optical chopper.(FOCUS ON PRODUCTS)
December 1, 2008... The C-995 Phase-Locked Loop Optical Chopper provides crystal controlled chopping rates of 4 Hz to 5 KHz using only one blade. The use of Direct Digital Synthesis permits the rate to be set to a precision of .001 Hz and provides quarts crystal...

InGaAs photodiodes.(FOCUS ON PRODUCTS)
December 1, 2008... The new 48-page catalog from Fermionics Opto-Technology contains specs, drawings, and photos describing InGaAs photodiodes for communications, monitoring, instrumentation, and fiber ribbon applications. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] ...

Affordable quality optics.(FOCUS ON PRODUCTS)
December 1, 2008... Anchor Optics is announcing new low pricing on its top three products: Commercial-Grade Achromats, PCX Lenses, and Right-Angle Prisms. The 2008 catalog features commercial-grade optics with top-of-the-line quality, making them ideal for...

New mach 5 100 kHz digital joulemeter.(FOCUS ON PRODUCTS)
December 1, 2008... Designed to help you test and analyze the performance of your high rep rate, ultrafast laser in real time. Measure the energy of every pulse at up to 100 kHz. Capture and store up to 4 million pulses (40 seconds of data at max rep rate). Dump...

Scientific grade spectrometers from Ocean Optics.(FOCUS ON PRODUCTS)
December 1, 2008... The QE65000 series spectrometers from Ocean Optics solve your needs for scientific level measurements in absorbance and fluorescence. These systems can be configured to your exact specifications and preconfigured for demanding low-light level...

Nano clean, mega protected.(FOCUS ON PRODUCTS)
December 1, 2008... Spray First Contact[TM] Polymer Solutions. Red or Clear. Easy to use. Clean any size or shape optic, mirror, or crystal effectively without touching delicate, precision surfaces. Cleans sensors, gratings, phase masks, too. * Eco-friendly...

OptiSpheric[R] IOL--optimized for production testing of IOL's.(FOCUS ON PRODUCTS)
December 1, 2008... Trioptics presents the new OptiSpheric[R] IOL which simultaneously measures diopter power and MTF of intraocular lenses in air and in- situ. Moreover it accurately measures radii of curvature, BFL and FFL. An innovative design of the Model Eye...