Traffic World articles from January 2007

Traffic World archives from January 2007

Davidson Retires at Union Pacific.(Dick Davidson)
January 31, 2007... BYLINE: John D. Boyd Dick Davidson stepped down as chairman of Union Pacific, ending a career that took him from a teenaged brakeman in Kansas to the Omaha, Neb., boardroom to head the nation's largest rail company by revenue. James...

TAPA Gets New Name.(Technology Asset Protection Association changes name to Transported Asset Protection Association)(Brief article)
January 31, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher TAPA, known until this week as the Technology Asset Protection Association, wants to protect more than just technology assets. Any highly valuable cargo is vulnerable to crime, and the growing membership of...

CN Executive Ed Harris Retires.(Canadian National Railway Co.)(Brief article)
January 31, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher Ed Harris, CN executive vice-president, operations, retired from the company effective Jan. 31. "My decision to retire wasn't easy. Railroading has been good to me - starting in railroading as a yard...

FedEx Buys Indian Provider.
January 31, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher FedEx Express completed the previously announced acquisition of its Indian service provider, Prakash Air Freight. PAFEX was a privately held company with more than 384 offices and depots serving nearly...

House Panel Eyes Rail HOS.(hours-of service )(Brief article)
January 31, 2007... BYLINE: Earle Eldridge Rail worker fatigue and hours-of service will be a priority in any legislation calling for reauthorization of the Federal Railroad Safety Program, says Rep. James Oberstar, a Democrat from Minnesota and chairman of...

Saia Takes Loss in 2006.(earnings of Saia Inc.)(Financial report)(Brief article)
January 31, 2007... BYLINE: John Gallagher Saia Inc. posted a 52 percent drop in fourth quarter profit and a $20.7 million loss in 2006 due to restructuring and other charges. But all was not gloomy for the Duluth, Ga.-based regional LTL carrier. For...

Boeing Profit Doubles.(Financial report)
January 31, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher Boeing, the Chicago-based aircraft manufacturer, doubled net income in the fourth quarter on an increase of 26 percent in total revenue. The company pulled higher profits from its performance as demand for...

GDP Jumped 3.5 Percent.(Brief article)
January 31, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher Real gross domestic product increased at an annual rate of 3.5 percent in the fourth quarter of 2006, according to advance estimates released Jan. 31 by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. By comparison, growth...

Schneider National, Inc. Wins 2006 INFORMS Prize.(Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences)
January 31, 2007... Company's Successful Integration of Operations Research Increases Annual Earnings by $10 Million GREEN BAY, Wis. Jan. 31, 2007, Schneider National, Inc., a premier provider of transportation, logistics and intermodal services, today...

TIACA Selects Amsterdam Airport Schiphol to Host Its Air Cargo Forum In 2010.(The International Air Cargo Association)
January 31, 2007... Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, one of the world's leading air cargo gateways, has been chosen by The International Air Cargo Association (TIACA) to host its Air Cargo Forum and Exposition in 2010. The biennial event returns to Europe in 2010...

Cathay Pacific Adds 11 Flights.
January 31, 2007... BYLINE: Bruce Barnard Cathay Pacific, the Hong Kong-based airline, will expand freighter service by nearly 50 percent between Hong Kong and Europe starting Feb. 1 in a move aimed at keeping pace with growth on the route. The extra 11...

Schneider National, Inc. Wins 2006 INFORMS Prize.
January 31, 2007... Company's Successful Integration of Operations Research Increases Annual Earnings by $10 Million GREEN BAY, Wis. Jan. 31, 2007, Schneider National, Inc., a premier provider of transportation, logistics and intermodal services, today...

Intermodal and Logistics Provider Listed for 3rd Consecutive Year.(Financial report)
January 30, 2007... CONCORD, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Jan. 30, 2007--Pacer International, Inc. (Nasdaq:PACR), the North America logistics and intermodal freight transportation provider, has been named for the third consecutive year to the Forbes Platinum 400...

Roadway Driver Bobby Elrod Reaches Milestone of 4 Million Safe Miles.(Biography)
January 30, 2007... Ringgold, Georgia 01/30/2007 - Roadway professional driver Bobby Elrod has achieved the elite status of driving 4 million miles without a preventable accident. Elrod, 66, has been with Roadway for 33 years -13 years at the Roadway...

Unions Applaud UP Withdrawal.(Union Pacific Corp.)(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher Union Pacific withdrew last Thursday its request before the Federal Railroad Administration to contract out safety inspections of U.S.-bound trains from Mexico (see story). Members of the AFL-CIO's...

Economy Stalls Con-way.
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher Con-way earned net income in the fourth quarter of $82.4 million, compared to fourth-quarter 2005 net income of $49.9 million. The 65 percent increase was fueled by the $41 million net gain from the sale of...

Holidays Boost UPS 4th Quarter.(United Parcel Service of America Inc.)(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: William Hoffman UPS saw a fourth-quarter bump from holiday season gift deliveries and continued strong international volumes, but its projections for the year ahead disappointed some analysts. International package revenue...

Lawmakers Restore Highway Funding.(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: Earle Eldridge In late night negotiations Jan. 29 among members of Congress, House and Senate appropriators agreed to fully fund 2007 highway and transit money called for in the 2005 SAFETEA-LU law. "We cannot let Congress...

CP Profits Soar 47 Percent.(Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd.)(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher In a year when revenue grew 4 percent, Canadian Pacific held the increase in operating expenses to only 2 percent, giving a hefty boost to profits. For the full year, net income for 2006 was $796 million...

Intermodal and Logistics Provider Listed for 3rd Consecutive Year.(Pacer International Inc.)
January 30, 2007... CONCORD, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Jan. 30, 2007--Pacer International, Inc. (Nasdaq:PACR), the North America logistics and intermodal freight transportation provider, has been named for the third consecutive year to the Forbes Platinum 400...

Roadway Driver Bobby Elrod Reaches Milestone of 4 Million Safe Miles.
January 30, 2007... Ringgold, Georgia 01/30/2007 - Roadway professional driver Bobby Elrod has achieved the elite status of driving 4 million miles without a preventable accident. Elrod, 66, has been with Roadway for 33 years -13 years at the Roadway...

U.S. Xpress Doubles Profit.(U.S. Xpress Enterprises Inc.)(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher Increasing ownership in two subsidiaries nearly doubled profits for the year for truckload carrier U.S. Xpress Enterprises. But weak freight demand led to a slump in the fourth quarter. U.S. Xpress...

Road Builders Press User Fees.(American Road and Transportation Builders Association)(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: Earle Eldridge The American Road & Transportation Builders Association hopes to have legislation ready to introduce to Congress within the next six months that details the association's 25-year federal strategy to improve the...

Lufthansa Cargo Forms Handler.(Deutsche Lufthansa AG)(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: Robert W. Moorman In a move that is likely to unsettle forwarders, Lufthansa Cargo has formed a company to provide freight handling services for itself and air freight forwarders. Handling Counts, a wholly-owned subsidiary of...

Consumer Confidence Edges Up.(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher The Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index edged up for the second month in a row in January. The Index now stands at 110.3 up from 110 in December. The Present Situation Index increased to 133.9 from...

Roger Kavanagh of Intermarine Dies.(Obituary)(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... Roger Kavanagh, President and CEO of Intermarine, passed away at his home in Metairie, Louisiana after a lengthy battle with cancer. He was 54 and is survived by his wife, Danielle, his sons, Zackary and Dylan, and his daughter, Sophie. ...

CN, Intermodal Workers Sign Pact.(Canadian National Railway Co.)(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: Courtney Tower Canadian National Railway said 4,000 employees represented by the Canadian Auto Workers union have ratified new four-year labor agreements. A CN statement said the pacts, retroactive to Jan. 1, provide for...

House Hears Rail Safety Testimony.(rail safety reauthorization hearing)(Brief article)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: Earle Eldridge Congress is taking up growing concern over rail safety in a two-day hearing that includes government officials, railroads and unions. Federal Railroad Administrator Joseph Boardman was set to testify on Jan. 30...

C.H. Robinson Boosts 4Q Profit.(Financial report)
January 30, 2007... BYLINE: William Hoffman Despite slowing demand for trucking, C.H. Robinson Worldwide managed to boost its fourth quarter 2006 gross profit margin by leaning more heavily on transportation management services and changing the service mix...

International Air Cargo Climbs.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher International air cargo traffic grew 4.6 percent in 2006, according to the International Air Transport Association, advancing over the gain the year before but still behind long-term growth projections....

Maersk to Leave Halifax.(Maersk Line )(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher As part of worldwide restructuring after losing about $600 million last year, Maersk Line will discontinue its calls at the Port of Halifax. The move will cost container terminal operator Halterm about 25...

DP World to Add Terminals.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... Dubai plans to expand container-handling at its global terminals by 50 percent over the next three years. "Our ability to handle cargoes, whatever we have now, we expect to grow by 50 percent in the next three years," DP World Chairman...

Truckers Slam Speed Limiters.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher The nation's largest independent truck driver group says the Department of Transportation is "pandering to big business" by considering a requirement for trucks to be equipped with speed limiting devices. ...

United Cargo Slips.
January 29, 2007... United Airlines saw its cargo revenue slip nearly 5 percent in the fourth quarter as falling mail traffic left the belly business well behind improvements in the passenger operations. The $193 million in cargo revenue put United third...

Cargolux Reduces Surcharges.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher Cargolux, Europe's largest all-cargo airline, joined others this week in reducing its fuel surcharges in response to the falling fuel price market. Surcharges on all cargo shipments as of Feb. 5 will drop...

Lockheed Martin Wins TWIC Contract.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: R. G. Edmonson WASHINGTON -- The Transportation Security Administration has officially awarded a $70-million contract to Lockheed Martin Transportation and Security Solutions to set up and maintain the data infrastructure and...

Diesel Drops 1.7 Cent to $2.413.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher The average price for a gallon of diesel fuel dropped another 1.7 cent last week to $2.413, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. The precipitous 7-week decline from $2.621 on Dec. 11 slowed...

J.B. Hunt Profits Slump in 4th Q.(J. B. Hunt Transport Services)(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher J. B. Hunt Transport Services couldn't cut down the size of its truckload fleet fast enough in the fourth quarter. As loads hauled decreased 4 percent and truckload revenue fell 16 percent, the company sold...

Quality Distribution Lowers Expectations.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher Quality Distribution, Fla.-based tanker operator, found its projections for the fourth quarter too high when the peak season failed to appear at the same time as the company was hit by unexpected costs. ...

Ford Hires Penske.(Ford Motor Company and Penske Logistics contract)(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher Ford Motor Company contracted in October with Penske Logistics to provide material planning and handling services at Ford's Southampton, UK facility that produces approximately 80,000 Ford Transit vans...

APL Container Revenue Slips.(Neptune Orient Lines)(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Peter T. Leach Neptune Orient Lines saw its average revenue per container drop 10 percent in the most recent four-week reporting period, even as its container volumes climbed by 12 percent. The Singapore-based parent of APL said...

Rail''s Safety Hazards.(CSX Corp. accident)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: John D. Boyd On the day chemical railcars jumped off CSX tracks in an explosive crash south of Louisville, Ky., the nation''s top rail safety regulator was unveiling plans to make tank cars safer. Fiery reports from the crash...

Rail Accidents, News Report Raise Concerns.(CSX Corp. v. residents)
January 29, 2007... The Jan. 16 CSX derailment near Brooks, Ky., must have reminded local residents of a 1991 accident in nearby Shepherdsville. In that instance, a CSX train carrying propylene oxide crashed on the Salt River Bridge, throwing 13 cars into the...

A Voice for Freight.(Government Accountability Office speaks for freight railroads)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Earle Eldridge Congress needs to give freight railroads - not Amtrak - a bigger say in any future overhaul of the nation''s rail system, a Government Accountability Office official says. "Passenger service cannot come at the...

California''s Low-Carbon Diet.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger wants to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in transportation fuels in his state by 10 percent by the year 2020. He signed the Low Carbon Fuel Standard Jan. 22, which he hailed as the world''s...

CBP Plays Its ACE.(Customs and Border Protection )(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... U.S. Customs and Border Protection stepped up enforcement of automated truck manifests in more stares. On Jan. 25, all truckers using ports of entry in the states of Washington and Arizona, and through the ports of Pembina, Neche,...

Logistics'' Learning Curve.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: William B. Cassidy Bill DeWitt''s problem isn''t getting students to pay attention in class - it''s getting them into his classroom. It''s a logistics problem of sorts, which is fitting, as DeWitt runs the logistics,...

Logistics Get Trendy.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: William Hoffman Retailers acknowledge that the customer is king. For the fashion industry, though, the customer is an increasingly fickle, impatient and finicky king whose demands are bloating and complicating retailers'' supply...

New DCs Going Up in Texas, Chicago.(distribution centers )
January 29, 2007... The U.S. housing bubble is deflating, but there''s new evidence to suggest momentum is accelerating in construction for logistics-related activities. Dallas-based excavating and construction company Weir Bros. in mid-January bought 81...

Pattullo To Head CEVA Logistics.(John Pattullo)(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... Newly christened CEVA Logistics scooped up DHL Exel Supply Chain''s John Pattullo to become CEO of the revitalized former TNT logistics division. Pattullo, who was Exel''s COO in charge of its Europe-Middle East-Asia operations when CEVA...

DHL Wins Wyeth Logistics Contract.
January 29, 2007... Wyeth Pharmaceuticals signed DHL to a multiyear agreement to coordinate global logistics of clinical trial materials, the first time the drug maker awarded responsibility for such shipments to a single logistics provider worldwide. The...

Top 5 U.S. Inland Ports.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... Ranked by 2004 Trip Ton-Miles Tons Trip Ton-Miles Name (millions) (billions) 1. Huntington-Tristate, W. Va. 77.3 28.2 2. St. Louis 33.4 25.9 3. Pittsburgh 41.0 16.4 4. Cincinnati 13.9 9.9 5....

Teamsters Want Fast Talks.(International Brotherhood of Teamsters and United Parcel Service of America Inc. contract)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: John Gallagher Concerns over pensions and healthcare have the International Brotherhood of Teamsters pushing for an end to talks with UPS on their new national small package contract by April 1. "We have made it clear to the...

Welch Gets Paid.(Jim Welch recieves compensation )(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... Former Yellow Transportation president Jim Welch will receive a compensation package worth roughly $2.9 million following his resignation from the company on Jan. 31, according to a separation agreement filed with the SEC. The package...

ATA Names Boyce Press Secretary.(American Trucking Associations appoints Clayton W. Boyce )(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... The American Trucking Associations tapped former Traffic World editor and publisher Clayton W. Boyce to lead the group''s public affairs department as vice president and press secretary for ATA President and CEO Bill Graves. Boyce most...

Con-way, APL Expand Asian Service.(Con-way Freight and APL Logistics expand services)(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... Con-way Freight and APL Logistics expanded options for shippers seeking port-to-delivery service from Asia. The companies are offering four new origin ports in Asia in the first major expansion of their time definite,...

Winter''s Late Hit.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: John D. Boyd For most of the early winter, the nation''s railroads enjoyed a relatively balmy season, and trains ran efficiently. No more. A delayed winter hit with a vengeance in early January, as numerous storms spread...

BNSF to Spend $2.75 Billion.
January 29, 2007... Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corp. plans to spend $2.75 billion on infrastructure, including millions of dollars to speed intermodal containers, as double-digit gains in intermodal revenue helped boost its fourth-quarter profit 21 percent....

TSA Prepares to Track Hazmats.(Transportation Security Administration )
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: John D. Boyd Federal officials plan to tap into a rail database system next month that for the first time will let government security officials monitor chemical tank car traffic. The Transportation Security Administration...

Fenway''s Roadlink USA Buys Transus Intermodal.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... Intermodal and logistics firm RoadLink USA strengthened its market position by acquiring Southern U.S. trucker Transus Intermodal. Roadlink became a unit of transport-focused equity firm Fenway Partners in September and is based in...

Airlines Show Belly Bulge.
January 29, 2007... U.S. airlines are finding financial recovery in the bellies of their aircraft. Several of the largest American carriers saw sharply improved results for 2006 that came with strong expansion in revenue from freight business. The gains...

Airbus Debuts a Freighter.(Airbus and Guggenheim Aviation Partners contract)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Paul Page Boeing finally has some competition in the freighter market. Airbus announced this month it will finally start building an all-cargo version of its A330, a long-haul twin-engine aircraft. Leasing company Guggenheim...

DHL Goes Wireless.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... DHL is stepping up its mobile shipment tracking capabilities and using wireless technology in a bid to move ahead of its larger rivals in the air express industry. The carrier says it is rolling out what it calls the latest generation...

Challenging Capacity Forecasts.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... The Transpacific Stabilization Agreement says strengthening market conditions in most of the world''s major trade lanes will absorb most excess capacity this year. The TSA, which represents 11 ocean carriers, says increasingly strong...

Port of LA to Test Electric Trucks.(South Coast Air Quality Management District )(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... The Port of Los Angeles and California''s South Coast Air Quality Management District plan a $527,000 test of electric trucks that could replace diesel vehicles on the docks. The seven-month test is the first project to be approved under...

Virginia ports top 2 million TEUs.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... Container throughput at the Port of Virginia climbed 3.2 percent to a record 2.05 million TEUs in 2006, pushing volume over the 2 million mark for the first time. "That clearly cemented us in 2006 as the second-largest port on the East...

Green Reefers Adds Tampa Hub.(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... A Norwegian logistics provider will ship chilled and frozen products to Central America through the Sunshine state. Green Reefers ASA, Bergen, Norway, is adding the Port of Tampa to its door-to-door network linking the United States and...

Mitsubishi Rolls Into Tacoma.(Mitsubishi Fuso Truck of America )(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... The Port of Tacoma is now the main port of entry for Mitsubishi Fuso medium-duty trucks arriving from Japan. The first truck shipped through the port rolled off the Maersk Taiki Jan. 11 and directly into the adjacent 146-acre Marshall...

People.(briefs)
January 29, 2007... U.S. Secretary of Transportation Mary E. Peters named Rose A. McMurray chief safety officer and assistant administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. McMurray has more than 30 years of experience at DOT, serving in a...

The Back Page.(American Public Transportation disappointed with President Bush)(Clayton Boyce joins American Trucking Associations)(Boston Legal's take on Transportation Security Administration)(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... Omen. We knew Jerry Moyes finally succeeded in buying back Swift Transportation when a sudden freeze stopped all ferry traffic on the River Styx. Disappointed. The American Public Transportation Association is disappointed President Bush...

Shippers Fight Screening.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Paul Page Shippers are joining the battle over full screening of air cargo shipments. In a series of letters to members of Congress, several various groups representing industrial shippers from flower importers to...

January 29, 2007.(Jerry Moyes buys back Swift Transportation Co.)(American Public Transportation Association)(Clayton Boyce joins American Trucking Associations)(Brief article)
January 29, 2007... Omen. We knew Jerry Moyes finally succeeded in buying back Swift Transportation when a sudden freeze stopped all ferry traffic on the River Styx. Disappointed. The American Public Transportation Association is disappointed President Bush...

Manufactured Cost or Sales Price Revisited.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Colin Barrett Q: In the Dec. 11, 2006 issue, you wrote that the proper claim for loss or damage on a shipment of goods moving under contract of sale is based on the sales (invoice) price, not the shipper's cost of manufacture....

Leading On.(trucking's investment in the form of taxation)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Paul Page Truckers and shippers are already looking to take a leading role in the next highway spending plan, and they're taking that leadership role seriously. We hope that the politicians who have the final say on the spending...

Planning for Growth.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Earle Eldridge Two West Coast states are launching initiatives aimed at boosting freight movement as government leaders fight to maintain and grow their maritime port and rail networks. First at bat was California Gov. Arnold...

Logistics' Learning Curve.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: William B. Cassidy Bill DeWitt's problem isn't getting students to pay attention in class - it's getting them into his classroom. It's a logistics problem of sorts, which is fitting, as DeWitt runs the logistics,...

Keep Ports On Track.(container ports capacity and forecasts)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Bill Mongelluzzo An analysis of rail-lift capacity in Southern California sounds a warning bell for the largest U.S. container port complex. Unless the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach provide more intermodal on-dock and...

Rail's Safety Hazards.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: John D. Boyd On the day chemical railcars jumped off CSX tracks in an explosive crash south of Louisville, Ky., the nation's top rail safety regulator was unveiling plans to make tank cars safer. Fiery reports from the crash...

Winter's Late Hit.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: John D. Boyd For most of the early winter, the nation's railroads enjoyed a relatively balmy season, and trains ran efficiently. No more. A delayed winter hit with a vengeance in early January, as numerous storms...

Barging into Containers.
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: Carlo Salzano With roads and rails ever more crowded and international trade flooding goods pipelines with containers, some cargo industry observers say one solution to the capacity crunch is down by the riverside. Although...

A Swift Reversal.(Swift Transportation Company Inc.)
January 29, 2007... BYLINE: John Gallagher The trucking industry is anxious to see if Jerry Moyes will be as successful at making money in a freight market mired in an economic slump as he was at fighting his way back to the top of truckload heavyweight...

Durable Goods Orders Rise.(Brief article)
January 26, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher New orders for manufactured durable goods in December increased $6.7 billion or 3.1 percent to $221.9 billion, the U.S. Census Bureau announced Jan. 26. The biggest upswing in three months was led by growth...

Michelin Wins Big Military Contract.
January 26, 2007... BYLINE: William Hoffman On the heels of a $700 million-plus award to provide tires for U.S. military aircraft, Michelin North America won a $1.7 billion, 10-year contract to provide ground tires to the four U.S. military branches. ...

SMC[superscript three] Approves Rate Increase.(Brief article)
January 26, 2007... BYLINE: Thomas L. Gallagher SMC[sup.3], a motor freight carriers association, approved Jan. 25 through its General Rate Committee an overall rate increase of 3.5 percent, to become effective on April 2. At its GRC meetings held each...