Feedstuffs articles from August 2004

Feedstuffs archives from August 2004

NAS report says biotech techniques should not be singled out for safety.(National Academy of Sciences )
August 2, 2004... WASHINGTON, D.C. -- A National Academy of Sciences (NAS) panel of scientists said last week food should not be singled out for stepped-up safety assessment just because it was produced using agricultural biotechnology. Rather, there are...

Prion finding offers insight into protein diseases.
August 2, 2004... University of California-San Francisco (UCSF) scientists reported what they said is compelling evidence that the infectious agent known as prion is composed solely of protein. In a press release from the university, the researchers said the...

Cattle herd rebuilding? No answer as of vet.
August 2, 2004... Feedlots and packing plants stood their ground last week, and demand for and movement of cattle was light in most of the U.S. through Thursday. Feedlots had the best position in the standoff, according to Feedstuffs sources. Beef supplies...

Growing conditions pressure oilseeds, grains.
August 2, 2004... The familiar refrain of excellent growing conditions continued to lower feed grain and oilseed prices last week. "It's just more of the same," said Dale Gustafson, grain market analyst for Smith Barney, Chicago, Ill. "We're still in a...

WTO talks come down to the wire with framework deadline looming.(World View)(World Trade Organization )
August 2, 2004... With navy boats on the lake and men with submachine guns patrolling the park, the World Trade Organization hunkered down last week--with time dripping away. On July 28, that was the scene in Geneva, Switzerland. Governments had until...

Hunger relief simply not a topic for trade negotiators.(Inside Washington)
August 2, 2004... WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Sometimes, World Trade Organization negotiations seem to lose track of reality. Food aid is a case in point. The reality is that people will die without U.S. food aid. So, it seems more than a little ridiculous for...

U.S., Canada investigating illegal beef shipment.
August 2, 2004... WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Both the U.S. and Canadian governments are investigating how 41,000 lb. of mislabeled beef product produced in Canada ended up in ground beef patties produced in a plant in Pennsylvania. Quaker Maid Meats Inc., a...

Britain reports second vCJD infection related to blood.(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Britain has announced that it will tighten human blood donation rules Aug. 2 after a second case of a human infected with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) was reported last week. Wire services reported that the...

MJ Puehse formed.(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... EL DORADO HILLS, CAL. -- Michael Puehse recently announced that he has formed MJ Puehse & Co. Previously, he was director of sales and marketing for Berghausen Corp. MJ Puehse & Co. said it is a full-service sales and marketing agency...

Council seeks to unite diverse interests to achieve conservation-economic 'vision'.
August 2, 2004... A coalition of conservation groups, trade groups and private and public interests have organized the Council for U.S. Landcare Initiative--modeled on the vibrant initiative in Australia--to bring together the often diverse interests in...

AFIA, ANAC sign cooperative agreement.(American Feed Industry Assn.; Animal Nutrition Association of Canada)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... The American Feed Industry Assn. (AFIA) and Animal Nutrition Association of Canada (ANAC) signed a cooperative agreement, essentially putting in writing the two organizations' history of working together on issues that benefit their respective...

Bipartisan bills would significantly reform ESA.(Endangered Species Act)
August 2, 2004... WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Significant reforms would result from two Endangered Species Act (ESA) bills advanced recently in bipartisan action in the House Resources Committee. "This action signals a sea of change in the political prospects for...

Alpharma sells aquatic vaccine unit.(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... FT. LEE, N.J. -- Alpharma Inc. has reported the sale of the company's aquatic animal health operations to an employee group for $3.9 million. The business, headquartered in Oslo, Norway, manufactures and markets vaccines for immunization...

Brown-Hruska named acting chair at CFTC.(Commodity Futures Trading Commission)(Sharon Brown-Hruska)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... WASHINGTON, D.C. -- President George Bush has named Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commissioner Sharon Brown-Hruska as acting chair of CFTC and has said he will nominate her to a second term on the commission. She replaces...

Companion animal owners finding other medication sources.
August 2, 2004... Veterinarians are no longer the only source for companion pet medications and wellness products in the U.S., as dog and cat owners are turning to alternative channels, including the internet, according to research released by Ipsos PetTrends, a...

Attendees at joint meeting urged to 'learn'.(Poultry Science Association)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... ST. LOUIS, MO. -- In opening the joint national meeting of the American Dairy Science Assn. (ADSA), American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) and Poultry Science Assn. (PSA) last week, Dr. Tony Pescatore, professor of poultry extension at the...

Kraft reports 'long-term commitment' to brands.(Financial Reports)
August 2, 2004... NORTHFIELD, ILL. -- Kraft Foods Inc. has reported a decline in earnings for its second fiscal period and six months ended June 30, citing higher costs, especially for dairy products, and higher marketing spending. The company reported increased...

CHS notes 'significant volatility' in grain markets.(Financial Reports)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... ST. PAUL, MINN. -- CHS has reported increased earnings and sales for its fiscal 2004 third period and three quarters, attributing its numbers to "strong performances" at its energy refining, agronomy and country locations and service...

Cal-Maine credits demand, prices for eggs.(Financial Reports)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... JACKSON, MISS. -- Cal-Maine Foods Inc. has reported increased earnings and revenues for its fiscal 2004 fourth quarter and full year, crediting its performance to "very strong demand" for eggs and higher egg prices. For its quarter ended...

BNSF increases quarterly dividend.(Financial Reports)(Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corp)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... FT. WORTH, TEXAS -- Directors of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corp. (BNSF) voted to increase BNSF's next quarterly dividend 13%--from 15 cents to 17 cents per share. The 17-cent dividend will be paid Oct. 1 to shareholders of record Sept....

Ridley acquires Sweetlix business.(Business Report)(mergers and acquisitions)
August 2, 2004... Ridley Inc. expected to close last Friday on a $16.7 million acquisition of the assets of the livestock feed supplement business of Sweetlix LLC, making Ridley one of the largest manufacturers of free-choice feed supplement blocks in North...

Ag Forte acquires operations in Virginia.(Business Report)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Ag Forte has completed the acquisition of Pilgrim's Pride Corp.'s turkey breeding and hatchery operations in Harrisonburg, Va. Ag Forte, the largest privately held poult producer and supplier in the world, said the acquisition is in line...

Stock summary.(Business Report)(Illustration)
August 2, 2004... STOCK SUMMARY This Last Week Week Year July 28 July 21 Ago Feedstuffs-Nelson Stock Indexes Agribusiness 117.6 ...

Cavey appointed CEO of E-Markets.(Business Report)
August 2, 2004... AMES, IOWA -- E-Markets Inc., a company that delivers supply chain management solutions for the agrifood industry, has announced the appointment of Scott Cavey to chief executive officer. Cavey has served as president of the company since...

Former U.S. Foodservice executives charged with fraud, insider trading.(Business Report)
August 2, 2004... The recently reorganized U.S. Foodservice Inc., after an embarrassing acknowledgement of accounting irregularities and restatement of earnings, took another but expected smack last week when authorities brought civil and criminal charges...

Parmalat sweetens debt-equity swap to ease growing holder discontent.(Parmalat Finanziaria SpA)
August 2, 2004... Parmalat Finanziaria SpA acknowledged growing bondholder discontent with its bankruptcy reorganization scheme last week and sweetened the deal for its debtors who had been advised that they would only recover 15% of obligations owed them in the...

Smithfield to use notes for acquisitions.(Smithfield Foods Inc.)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... SMITHFIELD, VA. -- Smithfield Foods Inc. announced last week that it plans a private offering of senior unsecured notes totaling $200 million. The notes will bear fixed interest rates that will be established at market rates at the time of the...

Alltech.(Names In The News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... ALLTECH, Nicholasville, Ky. -- Dr. Wanda Kreikemeier has been appointed to sales account manager for the Nebraska region. Kreikemeier will be responsible for beef accounts in Nebraska. She was previously with the University of Nebraska-Lincoln....

Kent Feeds Inc.(Names In The News; appointment)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... KENT FEEDS INC., Muscatine, Iowa -- Shannon Lininger joined the nutrition and product development department as equine and specialty products marketing manager. Lininger was previously with Cargill Animal Nutrition. Mike Yates has joined...

ABS Global.(Names In The News; appointment)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... ABS GLOBAL, DeForest, Wis. -- Darren Fehr has joined the company as general manager for ABS Canada. Fehr was previously with The Semex Alliance. Jennifer Weier has been named area sales manager for central Wisconsin. Weier will be...

Iowa State University.(Names In The News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ames, Iowa -- Roger McEowen has been named associate professor of agricultural law in the department of agricultural education and studies. McEowen will be responsible for extension programming, research, teaching an...

Land O'Lakes.(Names In The News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... LAND O'LAKES, Arden Hills, Minn. -- Don Berg will be retiring as public affairs vice president Jan. 1. Berg has served more than 30 years with the cooperative and has led its Public affairs activities for the past four years. Jim Fife has...

United Egg Producers.(Names In The News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... UNITED EGG PRODUCERS, Washington, D.C. -- Howard Magwire has been named director of government relations. Magwire was most recently deputy administrator of poultry programs.

Correction.(Correction Notice)
August 2, 2004... In a story in the July 12 Feedstuffs about DuPont's acquisition of a company involved in cleaning and disinfectant products for biosecurity purposes, the correct name of the company acquired is BioSentry Inc.

Chicken price 'fire' hot, not too hot; factors to remain supportive next year.(Poultry)
August 2, 2004... Chicken prices are historically high but are not "that high" or "too high," as measured against benchmarks, and likely will continue at current levels well into next year, according to Len Steiner, president of Steiner Consulting Group in...

Producers told to act now on husbandry chasm.(Poultry)
August 2, 2004... Historically, agriculture animal welfare was determined met when animals received appropriate health care, nutrition, water, shelter and handling, but most of these parameters reflected biological maintenance, according to Janice Swanson at the...

Where's the protein?(Market Digest)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Consumers know turkey has fewer carbohydrates than beef or chicken but don't know that turkey has more protein than beef or chicken, according to an online survey conducted by the National Turkey Federation (NTF). The survey, which was...

Where's the side dish?(Market Digest)
August 2, 2004... KFC Corp. has kicked off a national search for "America's favorite side dish," asking consumers to submit their "best, most flavorful side dish recipes," with the winning recipe to be served in KFC stores and to receive a $5,000 cash prize,...

Market fresh at Arby's.(Market Digest)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Arby's has introduced a new chicken salad to its "Market Fresh" line of salads, sandwiches and wraps, according to an announcement. The salad is made from diced, grilled chicken, diced crisp celery, chopped toasted pecans, diced apples and...

Cravings at Quiznos.(Market Digest)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Quiznos Sub has introduced three new chicken salads to a "Craveable Salads" line in Chinese, Italian and honey mustard versions, all made with chicken breast strips with the chicken and cheese toasted, as is the Quiznos style, according to an...

Non-essential amino acids may have roles in broiler growth.(Nutrition And Health/Poultry)
August 2, 2004... ST. LOUIS, MO. -- In the poultry nutrition sections of last week's joint national meeting of the American Dairy Science Assn., American Society of Animal Science and Poultry Science Assn., the role of non-essential amino acids on growth...

Internal parasites of cattle can be considered silent thieves.(Research Digest)
August 2, 2004... Internal parasites of cattle can be considered silent thieves, quietly exerting a negative toll on herd health, productivity and a business's profitability, Intervet Inc. noted when sharing the results of a report developed by Dr. Don Bliss,...

Phase-feeding broilers could lower cost, maintain performance.(Bottom Line Of Nutrition/Poultry; poultry feed)
August 2, 2004... Phase feeding was described by Emmert and Baker (1997) as a potential feeding system for broilers in which dietary amino acid levels are reduced steadily over time in an attempt to reduce costs associated with excess dietary protein or amino...

Ingredient manufacturers, distributors profiled.(Special report: ingredient suppliers)
August 2, 2004... In the listing that follows, Feedstuffs has profiled companies involved in the business of supplying feed ingredients to the feed industry and animal producers. The listing was compiled from a survey Feedstuffs sent to feed ingredient...

Arnot to author Insider column.(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Beginning this week, consultant Charlie Arnot will be authoring the Feedstuffs Hog Industry Insider column. Arnot's career in public relations, communications and journalism has been quite diverse. In April of this year, he started his...

Environmental milestone.(Swine Industry News)
August 2, 2004... Demonstrating the political savvy of President Bill Clinton and the Wisdom of Solomon, Dr. Mike Williams has issued environmental recommendations that are being praised by the environmental community, the North Carolina hog industry and the...

Process praised.(Swine Industry News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Williams' work to date is getting high marks from all corners. "Today's findings by Williams represent a good road map for the continued evaluation of certain technologies that could be workable alternatives if specific contingencies can be...

Frontline perspective.(Swine Industry News)(Frontline Farmers)
August 2, 2004... Two years into the agreement, Frontline Farmers, an organization representing contract hog producers in North Carolina, signed a similar agreement with the state, pledging its support to encourage members to implement EST. Bundy Lane...

Following the money.(Swine Industry News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... The entire effort was funded with $15 million from Smithfield and $2.3 million from PSF as part of their agreements with the state. According to Williams, the $17.3 million will take the process through the end of June 2005, sufficient time to...

Support sinks over lagoons.(Swine Industry News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Not surprisingly, unanimous support for the process disintegrated over the viability of the lagoon and sprayfield system as an alternative. Treacy said the current anaerobic lagoon and sprayfield system is a good system when properly designed,...

Tortoise vs. hare.(Swine Industry News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Williams acknowledged that the process has taken longer than originally anticipated and that there is no hard completion date in sight. "I take full responsibility for the amount of time it has taken and will take. I'm moving as aggressively as...

Customer expectations influence capabilities of Cargill mill.(Facilities: grain * feed * animal production)
August 2, 2004... Cargill Animal Nutrition has opened a new, 144,000-ton annual capacity feed manufacturing facility in Milton, Wis. A unique feature of the new mill is that it will produce medicated and non-medicated feed for the equine, dairy and game bird...

U.S. equipment sales positive; Canadian markets less optimistic.(Inside News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... MILWAUKEE, WIS. -- Total U.S. sales of agricultural tractors are expected to increase 6.2% in 2004 followed by 2005 sales growth of 3.4%, while the overall Canadian tractor business is predicted to gain 0.5% in 2004 and 4.8% in 2005, according...

DSM opens new feed premix facility in Turkey.(Inside News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... KAISERAUGST, GERMANY -- DSM Nutritional Products has opened a new feed premix facility in Gebze, Turkey. The new state-of-the-art facility, located 60 km from Istanbul, further strengthens the company's feed premix global network and sets...

CRF board okays new swine nursery.(Inside News; Cooperative Research Farm )
August 2, 2004... RICHMOND, VA. -- The board of directors for Cooperative Research Farm (CRF), one of the world's largest privately owned livestock and poultry research networks, has approved the addition of a new swine nursery for nutrition research to be added...

Rice Lake acquires Powell.(Inside News)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... RICE LAKE, WIS. -- Rice Lake Weighing Systems has announced the purchase of assets of Powell All-Steel Scales in Jasper, Ala. Powell All-Steel Scales is a manufacturer of heavy-capacity scale equipment. Rice Lake Weighing Systems is an...

AT&T, Invizeon deliver emergency alert system.(Inside News)
August 2, 2004... ATLANTA, Ga. -- AT&T and Invizeon Corp. have been awarded a one-year contract to deliver a first-of-its-kind web-based emergency alert system for use by key agricultural agencies in Georgia in the event of a crisis, such as an animal disease...

Waste-to-oil company selling oil commercially.(Inside News; Renewable Environmental Solutions LLC )
August 2, 2004... CARTHAGE, MO. -- Renewable Environmental Solutions LLC (RES) announced May 19 that its first commercial plant is selling an equivalent of crude oil No. 4 produced from agricultural waste products. The Carthage plant is currently producing...

LINPAC awarded ISO 9001 certification.(Inside News; Linpac Materials Handling )(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... GEORGETOWN, KY. -- Linpac Materials Handling announced July 22 that it has been certified by TUV America Inc. as meeting the standards set forth by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001:2000 quality management system....

A better way: best way to prevent explosions is to know contributing factors.(Facilities: grain * feed * animal production)
August 2, 2004... Knowing why and how grain dust explosions occur is a good start to formulating a prevention strategy. Explosions in grain-handling facilities over the past few years have once again brought the dangers of dust in grain facilities to the...

Vibratory membrane filtration system to be installed in Canada.(Facilities: grain * feed * animal production; New Logic Research Inc.)
August 2, 2004... EMERYVILLE, CAL. -- New Logic Research Inc., the maker of a vibratory membrane filtration system (VSEP), announced that it has completed the sale of its first North American filtration system to treat hog manure. The system will be...

New system allows for true zero-bin-entry.(Facilities: grain * feed * animal production)
August 2, 2004... MILFORD, IND. -- Entering a grain storage bin poses significant risks, especially during unloading. Too often, though, it is believed that just because the bin has been unloaded, the safety risks are gone. That is not so, according to Brock...

United Feeds attains ISO 9001.(Facilities: grain * feed * animal production)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... SHERIDAN, IND. - United Feeds Inc. announced July 12 that it has attained International Organization for Standards (ISO) 9001:2000 certification for its Gridley, Ill., feed mill production and distribution operations. Meeting ISO 9001:2000...

Senate opposes ethanol transshipments.(Facilities: grain * feed * animal production)
August 2, 2004... WASHINGTON, D.C. -- The U.S. Senate is firing up opposition to the importation of ethanol from Brazil as the long-sought U.S. reformulated fuel standard appears poised to increase U.S. demand. Sen. Tom Daschle (D., S.D.) reported that he...

Indicator/bench scale combo.(Grain And Feed)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Rice Lake Weighing Systems, Rice Lake, Wis., has designed its new 120 digital weight indicator as an economical choice in material handling and shipping and receiving applications. The plastic enclosure, the company said, makes it cost...

New enclosure option.(Grain And Feed)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Rice Lake Weighing Systems also has announced the availability of a new deep enclosure option for its 920i indicator/controller which is designed for multi-scale, data acquisition, batching and industrial automation applications. The company...

Remote control winch.(Grain And Feed)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Dutton-Lainson Co., Hasting, Neb., announced the redesign of its model 6371 D-L handheld remote control for use with 12-volt DC StrongArm electric winches. The company said the new control box is made of durable, lightweight plastic, making it...

Drive system.(Grain And Feed; convetors)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Falk Corp., Milwaukee, Wis., has made available a "complete drive system" for conveyor applications called Drive One. Drive One is offered in nine sizes of pre-engineered assemblies, all mounted on a common swingbase. The swingbase assembly is...

Bag closure.(Grain And Feed)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... The Bag Kollar Co., Sammamish, Wash., has introduced a simple solution to prevent large bags from spilling. The company said its new Bag Kollar keeps bags securely closed even if dropped or overturned. Made with durable, heavyweight webbing,...

Single-auger vertical mixers.(Animal Production/Processing)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Kuhn Knight Inc. of Brodhead, Wis., has added a new family of single-auger vertical mixers to its line of total mixed ration (TMR) mixers. The new Vertical Maxx line features a single-auger design, planetary drive system, righthand discharge...

Livestock fountains.(Animal Production/Processing)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Ritchie Industries, Conrad, Iowa, has introduced a new WaterMatic 100 and WaterMatic 150 into its line of automatic livestock watering fountains. The two new fountains have many of the same features as the WaterMatic 300 and 1000 yet are...

Whole-house controllers.(Animal Production/Processing)(Proterra Systems)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Proterra Systems, Anderson, Mo., has recently added a new Model 24 to its line of Intelligro whole-house controllers. The model number corresponds to the number of outputs the control provides. As a result, the Proterra line of controls now...

Chick feeder.(Animal Production/Processing)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... Roxell USA, Anderson, Mo., said poultry producers can get chicks off to a good start while simplifying their management chores with the Roxell E-Z Start Chick Feeder. The new product for the company's line of floor feeding equipment is designed...

U.S. Wheat adopts industry statement on GM wheat policy.(Mill market: information for feed and grain handlers)(genetically modified)
August 2, 2004... WASHINGTON, D.C. -- U.S. Wheat Associates (USW), the marketing arm of the U.S. wheat industry, recently adopted a policy framework for any future commercialization of genetically modified (GM) wheat. The policy position follows a lengthy...

The Andersons sells two farm centers.(Mill market: information for feed and grain handlers)(Archbold Agri-Services)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... MAUMEE, OHIO -- The Andersons Inc. announced that it has reached an agreement to sell its Lyons, Ohio, and Munson, Mich., farm centers to Archbold Agri-Services. Under the new ownership, the facilities will continue to provide agricultural...

E-Markets releases Cinch Grain.(Mill market: information for feed and grain handlers)(Brief Article)
August 2, 2004... AMES, IOWA -- E-Markets Inc. announced the immediate availability of the latest release of the company's Cinch line of products: Cinch Grain. Cinch Grain is the company's latest technology built on the Microsoft Business Solutions market...

Ingredient market.(Illustration)
August 2, 2004... INGREDIENT MARKET The following prices, which include delivery, were obtained last week from feed and grain vendors in the U.S. and Canada. The prices represent current trading values, but are not guaranteed. The second column in the...

Bank merger to create 'deep expertise' in providing complete financial packages.
August 9, 2004... Dutch-headquartered Rabobank may have skipped the first stone into the water with an announcement of its plans to acquire Farm Credit Services of America (FCSAmerica)--pushing the U.S. government to do what governments worldwide already are...

WTO finally settles ag trade framework.(World Trade Organization)(Agriculture)
August 9, 2004... At 12:30 a.m. local time Aug. 1, the 147 governments that make up the World Trade Organization agreed by consensus on a seven-page annex--a "Framework for Establishing Modalities in Agriculture"--to their 20-page communique, hoping it will prod...

Groups praise WTO deal.(World Trade Organization)
August 9, 2004... "Applaud" was the word last week from most U.S. agriculture industry groups in response to a deal reached Aug. 1 between the 147 member countries of the World Trade Organization on a "Framework for Establishing Modalities in Agriculture." ...

Beef prices continue to slide; no stopping hogs.(Livestock And Poultry)
August 9, 2004... How much of the advance in the beef complex in the last week of July could be held in the first week of August was the big question at the beginning of last week because packers, although a little short bought, were on the breakeven cusp and...

Hyperbole, double speak and spin result from recent WTO agreement.(Commentary)(World Trade Organization)
August 9, 2004... Listen to some of the language top government trade officials from around the world used to describe a framework deal they finally reached early last Sunday morning to continue negotiating. World Trade Organization director-general Supachai...

Canadian cattle group has bone to pick with U.S.(Inside Washington)(Rick Paskal)(Interview)
August 9, 2004... WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Canadian cattle feeders are madder than hell, and a newly formed group of them--Canadian Cattlemen for Free Trade--said they plan to do something about it. It's not yet clear just what that might be, but indications are...

Bank deal could prompt examination, 'modernization'.
August 9, 2004... Farm credit and independent banking representatives came down on different but expected sides regarding the announcement that a farm credit bank in Midwest and Rabobank have reached an agreement for Rabobank to acquire the bank (story, p. 1)....