Biotech Business Week articles from March 2009

Biotech Business Week archives from March 2009

Protein predicts liver cancer recurrence and after transplantation.
March 2, 2009... A new study suggests that Capn4, a protein involved in cell migration, is associated with liver cancer recurrence and metastasis after liver transplantation. Capn4 could potentially be used as a biomarker for diagnosis and a target for therapy....

Radiofrequency treatment better than ethanol injection for small liver tumors.
March 2, 2009... A new review of four randomized controlled trials that directly compared two different treatments for small inoperable liver tumors has found that radiofrequency ablation (RFA) significantly improves patient survival compared to the standard...

An adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent in gastric cancer therapy.
March 2, 2009... Peritoneal carcinomatosis can be thought of as a series of events that together form a peritoneal metastatic cascade. The peritoneal stromal tissue appears to be a friendly host for tumour proliferation, providing a rich source of growth...

GABAergic: a promising molecular target for liver cancer therapy.
March 2, 2009... Although GABA and GABA receptors function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature CNS, abnormal levels of gene and protein expression of some GABA receptor subunits have been detected in many malignant tumors, such as ? subunit in...

Proteasome inhibition affects epigenetic mechanisms.
March 2, 2009... Alcohol consumption causes alteration in several cellular mechanisms, and leads to inflammation, apoptosis, immunoresponse defect, and fibrosis. These phenomena are associated to significant changes in the epigenetic mechanisms, and,...

Exmovere Holdings Acquires Technology Licensing Rights.
March 2, 2009... As more fully described in Exmovere Holdings, Inc.'s Form 8-K filed on February 12, 2009, BT2 International, Inc. purchased 100,000 shares of Exmovere HoldingsE common stock from Belmont Partners, LLC. The 100,000 shares represented 100% of the...

Findings from Gyeongsang National University advance knowledge in biotechnology.(Report)
March 2, 2009... "The effect of biotic elicitors on the production of bilobalide and ginkgolides in Ginkgo biloba cell suspension cultures was studied. The treatment of cell cultures with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus as elicitors increased the...

Findings in biotechnology reported from Z.G. Zhang and co-researchers.
March 2, 2009... "Cytochrome P450 (P450) 2A6 is able to catalyze indole hydroxylation to form the blue dye indigo. The wildtype P450 2A6 enzyme was randomly mutated throughout the whole open reading frame and screened using 4-chloroindole hydroxylation, a...

New biotechnology study findings have been reported by scientists at University of Stuttgart.
March 2, 2009... "Cytochrome P450 BM-3 monoxygenase from Bacillus megaterium (CYP102A1) catalyzes the subterminal hydroxylation of fatty acids with a chain length of 12-22 carbons. Wild-type P450 BM-3 oxidizes Saturated fatty acids at subterminal positions...

Research in the area of biotechnology reported from University of Patras.
March 2, 2009... "We examine the conditions necessary for the emergence of complex dynamic behavior in systems of microbial competition. In particular, we study the effect of spatial heterogeneity and substrate-inhibition on the dynamics of such a system,"...

Research reports from Dalian University of Technology provide new insights into biotechnology.
March 2, 2009... "The effects of zinc supplementation were investigated in the continuous ethanol fermentation using self-flocculating yeast. Zinc sulfate was added at the concentrations of 0.01. 0.05 and 0.1 gl(-1), respectively," scientists in People's...

Studies from Dalian University of Technology provide new data on biotechnology.(Report)
March 2, 2009... According to recent research from People's Republic of China, "The pollen-tube pathway is feasible to transform vector- and selectable marker-free linear gene cassettes into plants to address the biosafety issues. However, its transformation...

Studies from E. Tapia and colleagues yield new information about biotechnology.
March 2, 2009... According to a study from Chile, "The grapevine genetic transformation programs have relayed on the use of solid media-based somatic embryogenesis. To reach a high throughput of candidate gene evaluation in 'Thompson Seedless', a semi-automatic...

Study results from Shizuoka University in the area of biotechnology published.
March 2, 2009... "A Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) bacmid expressing heavy and light chains of human 291J6 IgG was constructed and used to secrete recombinant antibody into silkworm larval hemolymph. Fifth instar silkworm larvae were reared and...

BioNeutral Group, Inc. OTCBB: BONU Completes Merger.
March 2, 2009... BioNeutral Laboratories Corporation USA, a privately held Delaware corporation, announced the completion of its reverse merger into BioNeutral Group, Inc. (formerly, Moonshine Creations, Inc.). The transaction was completed by the share...

New Carol Milgard Breast Center Available for Media Tour Prior to February 23rd Public Opening.
March 2, 2009... The soon-to-open Carol Milgard Breast Center is offering a guided tour to the news media prior to its public opening. Following the tour, executives from the CenterEs owners and operator (owned by Franciscan Health System and MultiCare Health...

Orthofix International Announces 4th Quarter and Full Year 2008 Results and Full Year 2009 Guidance.(Financial report)
March 2, 2009... Orthofix International N.V. (NASDAQ:OFIX) (the Company) announced that total revenue for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2008 increased 3% over the fourth quarter of 2007, to $132.3 million. Excluding the unfavorable $4.1 million impact...

Orthofix International Receives Shareholder Letter Opposing Ramius LLC Proposal and Sale of Blackstone Medical.
March 2, 2009... Orthofix International N.V. (NASDAQ: OFIX) (the Company) announced the receipt of a letter, included below, from one of its largest shareholders, who opposes a proposal by Ramius LLC to make changes to the CompanyEs Board of Directors, and...

Promega StemElite[TM] ID System Improves Human Cell Line Authentication.
March 2, 2009... Promega Corporation, a provider of premier cell analysis tools, announces the launch of StemEliteO ID System, which is designed to improve and simplify human cell line authentication in research applications. The new StemElite ID System allows...

Analysis of Invitrogen Corporation - Available Now.
March 2, 2009... Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/fff3d6/analysis_of_invitr) has announced the addition of the "Analysis of Invitrogen Corporation" companyprofile to their offering (see also Research and Markets). We...

Unisys Sees Technology "Consumerization" and Mobility Risks as Key Drivers for Security Investments.
March 2, 2009... The oconsumerizationo of technology and its blurring boundaries between personal and professional use of computers, sophisticated mobile phones and other devices, is forcing enterprises to rethink how they assess risk and protect data,...

Investigators at University of Baghdad zero in on acne vulgaris.
March 9, 2009... In this recent study, researchers in Baghdad, Iraq conducted a study "To evaluate effectiveness of 2% tea lotion in comparison with 5% zinc sulphate solution in the treatment of acne vulgaris. This is a single-blind randomly comparative...

Research from G. Beadle and co-researchers in the area of acute myeloid leukemia described.
March 9, 2009... "Clinical trials frequently report acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as a complication of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer (BC). This retrospective population-based study investigated AML risk after a prior BC diagnosis and compared the...

Treating drug-addicted doctors is good medicine.
March 9, 2009... Doctors who become addicted to alcohol and other drugs can be treated successfully and returned to medical practice with the help of special programs that couple referral to treatment and monitoring with rapid responses to noncompliance,...

Scientists at University of Pittsburgh publish research in adolescence.(Clinical report)
March 9, 2009... "Although certain media exposures have been linked to the presence of psychiatric conditions, few studies have investigated the association between media exposure and depression. To assess the longitudinal association between media exposure in...

Investigators at University of Pennsylvania, Medical Department zero in on alcoholism.(Clinical report)
March 9, 2009... "Extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) is a once-a-month injectable formulation for the treatment of alcohol dependence previously shown to reduce drinking and heavy drinking relative to placebo (Garbutt et al., 2005). A 24-week, randomized,...

Data from E.S. Kovaleva and colleagues advance knowledge in biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... According to a study from the United States, "The expression of the fluorescent protein, DsRed, facilitates the optimization of protein production in orally-infected whole larvae. Trichoplusia ni was shown to be a much better host for...

Data from S. Galindeznajera et al provide new insights into biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... According to recent research from Mexico, "Cyanuric acid (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol [OOOT]) is a common biodegradation byproduct of triazinic herbicides, frequently accumulated in soils or water when supplementary carbon sources are absent. A...

Data on biotechnology detailed by researchers at University of Helsinki.
March 9, 2009... According to recent research published in the journal Biotechnology Letters, "High specific cellular nisin production was aimed by cycle changing the medium of Lactococcus lactis N8 and LAC48." "The highest level of nisin production was...

New biotechnology research from L. Gouveia et al outlined.
March 9, 2009... "Biofuels demand is unquestionable in order to reduce gaseous emissions (fossil CO2, nitrogen and sulfur oxides) and their purported greenhouse, climatic changes and global warming effects, to face the frequent oil supply crises, as a way to...

New biotechnology study findings have been published by B. Wang and colleagues.
March 9, 2009... According to a study from South Korea, "A single chamber stackable microbial fuel cell (SCS-MFC) comprising four MFC units was developed. When operated separately, each unit generated a volumetric power density (P-max,P-V) of 26.2 W/m(3) at 5.8...

New biotechnology study findings have been reported by M. Anvari and co-researchers.(Report)
March 9, 2009... "End-product conversion, low product concentration and large volumes of fermentation broth, the requirements for large bioreactors, in addition to the high cost involved in generating the steam required to distil fermentation products from the...

New biotechnology study findings have been reported by scientists at Hunan University.
March 9, 2009... According to recent research from Changsha, People's Republic of China, "Proteome analysis was carried out to identify the young panicle proteins during different developmental stages under sterile and fertile conditions." "Based on spot...

New biotechnology study findings reported from L.M. Mendoza and co-authors.
March 9, 2009... According to a study from Tucuman, Argentina, "The influence of two physicochemical factors involved in winemaking, temperature and SO2, on the kinetics and metabolic behavior of Kloeckera apiculata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined....

New research on biotechnology from D.B. Hedrick and co-authors summarized.
March 9, 2009... According to a study from the United States, "The polar lipid fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide hydroxy-fatty acids, and respiratory quinones of Geobacter metallireducens str. GS-15, Geobacter sulfurreducens str." "PCA, and Geobacter...

Recent studies from Massey University add new data to biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... According to recent research published in the journal Biotechnology Letters, "Microbial polyester inclusions have previously been demonstrated to be applicable as versatile beads outside the bacterial cell. Engineering of proteins selectively...

Reports from A. Alvarez and colleagues advance knowledge in biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... "Fourteen strains of Bacillus thuringiensis collected from both larvae showing disease symptoms and soil samples in northwest Argentina were characterized by insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda. First instar larvae and protein...

Research conducted at C.H. Jung and co-researchers has updated our knowledge about biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... "Neuronal soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) proteins mediate membrane fusion between synaptic vesicle and presynaptic membrane, resulting in neurotransmitter release. SNARE proteins are...

Research from M.A. Alvarez and co-researchers provides new data on biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... "In vitro cultures of Berberis buxifolia were established using thidiazuron (4.5, 23 and 45 mM) or picloram (4 and 40 mM) as plant growth regulators for sustaining growth. For producing berberine, a two-stage culture was performed," scientists...

Research from S.P. Kanekar and co-researchers yields new findings on biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... "Nitroexplosives are essential for security and defense of the nation and hence their production continues. Their residues and transformed products, released in the environment are toxic to both terrestrial and aquatic life," investigators in...

Research in the area of biotechnology reported from Dalian University of Technology.(Report)
March 9, 2009... According to a study from People's Republic of China, "A novel aqueous two-phase system consisted of 2-propanol/ammonium sulfate was used for the extraction of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broths." "The maximum partition coefficient...

Research on biotechnology published by A.C. Poopal et al.
March 9, 2009... "Microbial reduction of toxic Cr6+ to the less toxic Cr3+ is potentially a useful bioremediation process. Among the matrices tested for whole cell immobilization of an efficient chromate-reducing Streptomyces griseus strain, PVA-alginate was...

Research reports on biotechnology from South Dakota State University provide new insights.
March 9, 2009... "Detection of phosphoproteins plays an important role in understanding protein function in cellular signalling pathways," investigators in the United States report (see also Biotechnology). "Improved methods for identification and...

Researchers from Chosun University detail findings in biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... According to a study from South Korea, "Analysis of the structural properties of pYC2, a cryptic plasmid from Lactobacillus sakei BM5 isolated from kimchi, determined its length as 1,970 bp with a G ? C content of 34%." "The double-strand...

Scientists at Donghua University detail research in biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... According to a study from Shanghai, People's Republic of China, "A feather-degrading bacterium was isolated from poultry decomposition feathers in China. The strain, named L1, showed significant feather-degrading activity because it grew and...

Scientists at University of Helsinki release new data on biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... According to recent research from Helsinki, Finland, "Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to isolate mutants of Lactococcus lactis LAC275, an indicator strain in GFP(uv) nisin bioassay." "It harbors the GFPuv encoding gene...

Studies from Catholic University add new findings in the area of biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... "To evaluate their protein activity, heparinized nanoparticles (NPs) in which growth factors were loaded into a thermoreversible hydrogel [poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinylimidazole)]; p(NiPAAm-co-VI) have been investigated with regard to...

Studies from Shihezi University in the area of biotechnology published.
March 9, 2009... According to recent research published in the journal Biotechnology Letters, "A plant transformation vector, pCLKS-CLA25 (EU327498), was developed to contain eight cloning sites and the inducible self-excision system which provided an effective...

Studies from University of Malaya add new findings in the area of biotechnology.(Report)
March 9, 2009... "A novel chemically defined medium, named KG medium, supplemented with N-3-oxo-hexanoylhomoserine lactone (3-oxo-C6-HSL), an acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) used as signalling molecules in Gram-negative bacterial cell-to-cell communication, as the...

Studies from Wuhan University further understanding of biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... According to a study from Wuhan, People's Republic of China, "Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has often been associated with abnormal mitochondrial open reading frames (ORF), orfH79 is a mitochondria chimeric gene being responsible for the CMS...

Studies in the area of biotechnology reported from H.B. Seo and co-researchers.
March 9, 2009... "A method for measuring the ethanol concentration in a yeast culture broth was developed using both microtubes and a 96-deepwell microplate. The strategy involved first the solvent extraction of ethanol from the yeast culture broth and...

Study results from V.P. Jayachandran et al provide new insights into biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... "The compatibility and efficiency of two ortho-cleavage pathway-following pseudomonads viz. the 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CBA)-degrader, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3mT (3mT) and the phenol-degrader, P. stutzeri SPC-2 (SPC-2) in a mixed culture for the...

New microbiology and biotechnology findings from Zhejiang University published.
March 9, 2009... According to a study from Hangzhou, People's Republic of China, "The production of recombinant glycoproteins in Dictyostelium discoideum by conventional cell culture methods was limited by low cell density as well as low growth rate. In this...

Reports from Fukushima University describe recent advances in microbiology and biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... "To develop a microbial treatment of edible oil-contaminated wastewater, microorganisms capable of rapidly degrading edible oil were screened. The screening study yielded a yeast coculture comprising Rhodotorula pacifica strain ST3411 and...

Reports on microbiology and biotechnology findings from C. Michel and co-researchers provide new insights.(Report)
March 9, 2009... "In this study, we investigate exopolysaccharide production by a bacterial consortium during the bioleaching of a cobaltiferrous pyrite. Whereas comparable studies have looked at exopolysaccharide production in batch systems, this study focuses...

Reports on microbiology and biotechnology findings from C.C.C.R. Decarvalho and co-researchers provide new insights.
March 9, 2009... "Rhodococcus erythropolis was found to utilize C5 to C16 n-alkane hydrocarbons as sole source of carbon and energy when growing as planktonic or biofilm cells attached to polystyrene surfaces. Growth rates on even numbered were two- to...

Research from Delft University of Technology has provided new data on microbiology and biotechnology.(Report)
March 9, 2009... According to recent research published in the journal Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, "Xylose is, after glucose, the dominant sugar in agricultural wastes. In anaerobic environments, carbohydrates are converted into volatile fatty acids...

Researchers at Technical University target microbiology and biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... "Branched beta-1,3/1,6-glucans (scleroglucan) were produced by cultivation of Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 15205. Regioselective hydrolysis at the beta-1,3-linkage of the cell-free and purified polysaccharide was performed in borosilicate glass...

Researchers from Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd. detail findings in microbiology and biotechnology.
March 9, 2009... According to recent research published in the journal Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, "Sake yeast, a diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, is useful for industry but difficult to genetically engineer because it hardly sporulates....

Invitrogen Earns AmeriStar Award for GIBCO Cell Culture Bottle Design.
March 9, 2009... Invitrogen, a division of Life Technologies (NASDAQ:LIFE), announced that it has received the prestigious AmeriStar[R] Package Award from the Institute of Packaging Professionals for its new GIBCO[R] cell culture bottle. Invitrogen launched the...

Experimental antiarrhythmic drug reduces death rate in patients with atrial fibrillation.
March 16, 2009... Results from the ATHENA trial, reported in the 12th February issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, suggest that the (as yet unlicensed) antiarrhythmic drug dronedarone can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular-related hospitalisation...

Airborne asthma allergens.
March 16, 2009... A survey of airborne fungi and fungal spores found in Eastern Puerto Rico suggests that certain species may be a major cause of the high incidence of childhood asthma in this part of the world. A report published in a forthcoming issue of the...

Study identifies new gene associated with ALS.
March 16, 2009... A collaborative research effort spanning nearly a decade between researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and King's College London (KCL) has identified a novel gene for inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou...

Monash scientists debug superbug.
March 16, 2009... An international team of scientists, led by Monash University researchers, has uncovered the workings of a superbug that kills elderly hospital patients worldwide - a discovery that has the potential to save lives and health care systems...

Innappropriate drug prescriptions wasting millions, raising health risks.
March 16, 2009... A recent study in Oregon suggests that drugs designed for treating the most severe mental illnesses are often prescribed at inappropriately low doses and at considerable expense, for use in conditions where their benefit has not been...

BioNeutral Group, Inc. Featured in Flaherty Special Situations Newsletter.
March 16, 2009... BioNeutral Group, Inc. (OTCBB: BONU) a chemical technology-based Life Science company that intends to commercialize a novel combinational chemistry-based technology, announced that the Company is featured in an article that appears in the March...

Findings from Boston University advance knowledge in biomedical engineering.(Report)
March 16, 2009... "Quantitative data on aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract are useful for understanding the causes of certain lung diseases and for designing efficient drug delivery systems via inhalation. In this study, aerosol deposition in a 3D...

Findings from Maastricht University in biomedical engineering reported.(Report)
March 16, 2009... According to recent research from Netherlands, "Abdominal surgery is associated with a significant risk for incisional herniation. Hernia repair is routinely performed by implantation of synthetic meshes." "Such meshes may cause serious...

Studies from Niigata University further understanding of biomedical engineering.(Report)
March 16, 2009... "This study evaluated the 'constancy' of head turning as recorded two-dimensionally by accelerometers. Fourteen healthy participants turned the head with his/her natural and comfortable speed," scientists in Niigata, Japan report (see also...

Studies from Tampere University have provided new data on biomedical engineering.
March 16, 2009... According to recent research from Tampere, Finland, "New miniaturized portable electrocardiogram (ECG) measuring devices may require small interelectrode distance. However, finding a suitable location for a tiny measurement device may prove...

Study findings from J.J. Garcia et al broaden understanding of biomedical engineering.
March 16, 2009... "A biphasic hyperelastic finite element model is proposed for the description of the mechanical behavior of brain tissue. The model takes into account finite deformations through an Ogden-type hyperelastic compressible function and a hydraulic...

Study results from University of Michigan update understanding of biomedical engineering.
March 16, 2009... According to recent research from the United States, "A novel in vitro culture system of organotypic human skin explants interfacing with external fixator pins is presented. The system was used to observe changes in skin morphology on the skin...

University of Texas reports research in biomedical engineering.(Report)
March 16, 2009... According to a study from the United States, "Neuronal cell polarization (i.e., establishment of an axon) and axon guidance are mediated and controlled by mechanical and chemical signals from the environment. Unfortunately, an integrated...

Data on nature biotechnology reported by A. Gnirke and co-researchers.
March 16, 2009... According to recent research from the United States, "Targeting genomic loci by massively parallel sequencing requires new methods to enrich templates to be sequenced. We developed a capture method that uses biotinylated RNA 'baits' to fish...

Illumina to Present at Upcoming Investment Conferences in March.(Conference news)
March 16, 2009... Illumina, Inc. (NASDAQ:ILMN) announced that the Company will webcast its presentations at two upcoming investment conferences (see also Illumina, Inc.). Illumina will webcast its presentation at Barclays Capital Global Healthcare...

Natus to Present at the Raymond James 30th Annual Institutional Investors Conference.(Conference news)
March 16, 2009... Natus Medical Incorporated (Nasdaq:BABY) announced that Jim Hawkins, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, will make a presentation at the Raymond James 30th Annual Institutional Investors Conference. The conference is being...

VeriChip Corporation Establishes a New Division to Focus and Invest in Clean and Alternative Energy Sector.
March 16, 2009... VeriChip Corporation (NASDAQ:CHIP) (oVeriChip or oCompanyo) announced that it has established a new subsidiary, VeriGreen Energy Corporation, to focus and invest in the clean and alternative energy sector. The Company is currently evaluating...

Waters Corporation Announces Stock Repurchase Program and Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
March 16, 2009... Waters Corporation (NYSE:WAT) announced that on February 27, 2009, its Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to $500 million of its outstanding common shares over the next 24 months. The previous $500 million share...

Listen to Your Mother.
March 16, 2009... Winston Company of Tulsa, OK does one thing and does it well: It listens to its mother. Mother Nature, that is. Since 1962, Winston has been developing and marketing all natural bacteria and enzyme-based products designed to clean and protect...

Journal of the American College of Cardiology Publishes PROTECT I Study Results for Abiomed Impella 2.5.(Clinical report)
March 23, 2009... Results from the PROTECT I trial evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of the Abiomed, Inc. (NASDAQ: ABMD) Impella 2.5 circulatory assist device in high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures have been published in the...

Investigators at University of Naples have published new data on acromegaly.(Clinical report)
March 23, 2009... According to a study from Naples, Italy, "The aim of the study was to investigate the 5-yr impact of surgery and somatostatin analogs (SSA) on glucose metabolism in acromegaly. We conducted an observational, prospective, comparative,...

Studies from McMaster University have provided new data on acute gastroenteritis.
March 23, 2009... "Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a common disorder wherein symptoms of IBS begin after an episode of acute gastroenteritis. The Walkerton Health Study (WHS) was initiated in 2002 to study the long-term outcomes of tragic...

A Lesson for Parents: Arguing in Front of Your Teens Has Lasting Impact, Researchers Find.
March 23, 2009... Exposure to family arguments during adolescence has a lasting impact on an individual's mental health and functioning as an adult, according to a study published in the March edition of The Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent...

Reports summarize agranulocytosis research from Far Eastern Memorial Hospital.
March 23, 2009... According to recent research published in the journal Endocrinologist, "In patients with antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis, prompt administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been observed in individual cases. In...