Virus Weekly articles from September 2008

Virus Weekly archives from September 2008

Reports on bird flu findings from Chulalongkorn University provide new insights.
September 2, 2008... According to recent research from Bangkok, Thailand, "The origin of the high pathogenicity of an emerging avian influenza H5N1 due to the -RRRKK- insertion at the cleavage loop of the hemagglutinin H5, was studied using the molecular dynamics...

Research on bird flu reported by scientists at National Institutes of Health.
September 2, 2008... "We surveyed the genetic diversity among avian influenza virus (AIV) in wild birds, comprising 167 complete viral genomes from 14 bird species sampled in four locations across the United States," researchers in the United States report (see...

Investigators at University of Florida, Medical Department target gene therapy.
September 2, 2008... "Recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) vectors are in use in several Phase I/II clinical trials, but relatively large vector doses are needed to achieve therapeutic benefits. Large vector doses also trigger an immune response as a...

New gene therapy research from University of Cincinnati outlined.
September 2, 2008... "Indirect evidence suggests that endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor signaling can promote motor neuron (MN) survival in the adult. If so, proper targeting of this signaling may selectively counteract the effects of adult MN...

Data on herpes zoster virus published by researchers at Tor Vergata University.
September 2, 2008... According to recent research from Rome, Italy, "Post-herpetic neuralgia is the most challenging and debilitating complication of herpes zoster in the immunocompetent host. Because the effect of treatment is disappointing once the syndrome has...

New findings reported from L.M. Chen and co-authors describe advances in influenza.(Report)
September 2, 2008... According to recent research published in the journal Plos Pathogens, "The segmented structure of the influenza virus genome plays a pivotal role in its adaptation to new hosts and the emergence of pandemics. Despite concerns about the pandemic...

Researchers from Karolinska University report details of new studies and findings in the area of influenza.
September 2, 2008... "The presence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was analyzed retrospectively by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in five epidemic seasons, in Stockholm, 2002-2006. The occurrence of hMPV was compared with five common...

Study findings from M.L. Mihajlovic et al broaden understanding of influenza.
September 2, 2008... "In the context of a recent pandemic threat by the worldwide spread of H5N1 avian influenza, the high resistance of H5N1 virus to the most widely used commercial drug, oseltarnivir (Tamiflu), is currently an important research topic. Herein,...

Reports outline life sciences study findings from A.R. Falsey and colleagues.
September 2, 2008... In this recent study, researchers in the United States conducted a study "To determine the frequency and types of respiratory viruses circulating in Boston long-term care facilities (LTCFs) during a 3-year period. Observational. Thirty-three...

Scientists at University of Florida discuss research in life sciences.
September 2, 2008... "Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an elongation of CAG repeats in the HD gene, which encodes a mutant copy of huntingtin with an expanded polyglutatmine repeat. Individuals who are affected by the disease...

Hiroshima University reports research in ribosomes.
September 2, 2008... "Ebp2p is essential for the assembly of 60S ribosomal subunits, and it interacts with other ribosome assembly factors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two-hybrid screening exhibited that Ebp2p interacted with a small ubiquitin-related modifier...

New biochemistry study findings have been published by scientists at University of Sussex.
September 2, 2008... Investigators publish new data in the report 'The reversal of epigenetic silencing of the EBV genome is regulated by viral bZIP protein.' According to a study from Brighton, the United Kingdom, "EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) alternates between...

Research results from University of Bonn update understanding of pediatric in children.(Clinical report)
September 2, 2008... Data detailed in 'Nosocomial infection: a risk factor for a complicated course in children with respiratory syncytial virus infection--results from a prospective multicenter German surveillance study' have been presented. According to a study...

Researchers at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention target life sciences.
September 2, 2008... Scientists discuss in 'Molecular diversity and phylogeny of Hantaan virus in Guizhou, China: evidence for Guizhou as a radiation center of the present Hantaan virus' new findings in life sciences. According to a study from Beijing, People's...

Researchers from Murdoch University describe findings in life sciences.
September 2, 2008... A new study, 'Analysis of Jembrana disease virus mRNA transcripts produced during acute infection demonstrates a complex transcription pattern,' is now available. According to a study from Perth, Australia, "Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is an...

Data on adenovirus discussed by B. Hartl and colleagues.
September 2, 2008... "Inhibition of p53-activated transcription is an integral part of the mechanism by which early region 1B 55K oncoprotein (E1B-55K) from adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) contributes to complete cell transformation in combination with Ad E1A. In addition,...

New baculovirus findings from Akita University published.
September 2, 2008... According to a study from Akita, Japan, "Inactivation of baculoviruses was examined under various conditions by ELVA, which enzymatically labels the virus envelope with radioisotopes and detects the labeled viruses by host cell-specific...

Recent studies from Emory University, Medical Department add new data to cytomegalovirus.
September 2, 2008... According to a study from the United States, "Viruses encode suppressors of cell death to block intrinsic and extrinsic host-initiated death pathways that reduce viral yield as well as control the termination of infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)...

Scientists at University of Glasgow release new data on cytomegalovirus.
September 2, 2008... "Most human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genes are highly conserved in sequence among strains, but some exhibit a substantial degree of variation. Two of these genes are UL146, which encodes a CXC chemokine, and UL139,which is predicted to encode a...

Studies from J.E. Botero et al further understanding of cytomegalovirus.(Report)
September 2, 2008... According to recent research published in the journal Oral Microbiology and Immunology, "The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of inflammatory cytokines that are produced after in vitro infection of gingival fibroblasts with...

Study findings on cytomegalovirus are outlined in reports from S. Praveen and colleagues.
September 2, 2008... According to recent research from New Delhi, India, "The 2b protein encoded by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has been shown as a virus counter defense factor that interferes with the RNAi pathway. The 2b gene from CMV-banana, New Delhi isolate...

New research on electron microscopy from Harvard University, Medical Department summarized.
September 2, 2008... According to recent research from the United States, "During the entry process many icosahedral viruses must adopt a lower-order symmetry or incur a symmetry mismatch to release their genome through a single site. A membrane model system in...

New enzyme research study results from University of Oklahoma described.
September 2, 2008... "A crystal structure of serine acetyltransferase (SAT) with cysteine bound in the serine subsite of the active site shows that both H154 and H189 are within hydrogen-bonding distance to the cysteine thiol [Olsen, L. R., Huang, B., Vetting, M....

Reports outline herpesvirus study results from H. Yan et al.
September 2, 2008... According to recent research from Tianjin, People's Republic of China, " To study the antiviral activity of silicone oil against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) in vitro. Methods (1) TCID50 (Tissue culture infectious dose 50% endpoint) of HSV-1...

Research from Louisiana State University in the area of herpesvirus published.
September 2, 2008... In this recent report, researchers in the United States conducted a study "To determine the role of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein K(gK) in corneal infection, neuroinvasion, and virus latency in trigeminal ganglia of mice. The...

Studies from Duke University yield new data on herpesvirus.
September 2, 2008... "Herpesviruses are characterized by their ability to maintain lifelong latent infections in their animal hosts. However, the mechanisms that allow establishment and maintenance of the latent state remain poorly understood," scientists writing...

Study findings on herpesvirus are outlined in reports from Leiden University.(Report)
September 2, 2008... "Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes play an important role in the protection against viral infections, which they detect through the recognition of virus-derived peptides, presented in the context of MHC class I molecules at the surface of the infected...

New influenza data have been reported by S. Twigg and co-authors.
September 2, 2008... "We report the use of the Novalung (R) interventional Lung Assist extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal device (Novalung GmbH, Lotzenacker 3, D-72379 Hechingen, Germany) to treat a 46-year-old female with life-threatening bronchospasm secondary...

New influenza research reported from P. Pechirra and co-authors.(Report)
September 2, 2008... "In Portugal, influenza surveillance is achieved through the National Influenza Surveillance Programme (NISP), in close collaboration with other European and global surveillance networks. The NISP integrates epidemiological, clinical and...

Research in the area of influenza reported from C.R. Rayner and colleagues.
September 2, 2008... According to a study from Basel, Switzerland, "Oseltamivir is a potent, selective, oral neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. Plasma concentrations of the active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate, are...

Scientists at Chinese University of Hong Kong discuss research in influenza.
September 2, 2008... According to recent research published in the journal Thorax, "Influenza-like illness (ILI) among elderly people living in residential care homes (RCHEs) is a common cause for hospitalisation. A study was undertaken to examine the incidence,...

Study data from University of Hong Kong provide new insights into influenza.
September 2, 2008... "The mortality of human infection by influenza A/H5N1 virus can exceed 80%. The high mortality and its poor response to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir have been attributed to uncontrolled virus-induced cytokine storm," scientists...

Research from M. Krautwald and co-researchers in the area of life sciences published.
September 2, 2008... "To facilitate tracing of virion movement, the non-essential capsid proteins pUL35 of herpes simplex virus type 1 and pseudorabies virus (PrV) have been tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). However, the biological relevance of PrV pUL35...

Research from Harvard University, Kids Risk Project reveals new findings on poliomyelitis.
September 2, 2008... "Decision analytic modeling of polio risk management policies after eradication may help inform decisionmakers about the quantitative tradeoffs implied by various options. Given the significant dynamic complexity and uncertainty involving...

New polyomavirus research reported from E.J. Verschoor and co-authors.
September 2, 2008... "Background and methods To investigate the seroprevalence of polyomavirus infections in macaques, we analyzed 1579 sera from nine different species for antibodies cross-reactive with simian virus 40 (SV40) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent...

Research from Chungnam National University, Medical Department provide new insights into proteomics.
September 2, 2008... "The insect baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is useful for the production of biologically active recombinant proteins," scientists in South Korea report (see also Proteomics). "However, the overexpression of foreign proteins in...

Research from University of Lyon has provided new information about provirus.
September 2, 2008... According to recent research from Lyon, France, "Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are widespread amongst domesticated goats and sheep worldwide, but have not been clearly identified in wild small ruminants, where they might constitute an...

Research on provirus discussed by scientists at University of Edinburgh.
September 2, 2008... "Experiments were performed to determine whether visna/maedi virus (VMV), a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), could infect sheep via ocular tissues. The EV1 strain of VMV was administered into the conjunctival space of uninfected sheep, and the...

New retinitis study findings reported from J. Li and co-authors.
September 2, 2008... According to recent research published in the journal Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, " To investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in immunopathology and viral replication in the...

Research in the area of spinal cord compression reported from Fukui University.
September 2, 2008... According to a study from Fukui, Japan, "Chronic mechanical compression of the spinal cord causes neural tissue damage, including loss of anterior horn cells around the level of injury. Exogenous delivery of neurotrophins to neuronal cells...

New tuberculosis data have been reported by scientists at University of Cape Town.
September 2, 2008... According to recent research published in the Jama - Journal of the American Medical Association, "Context Rifampicin- based antitubercular therapy reduces the plasma concentrations of nevirapine and efavirenz. The virological consequences of...

Studies by S. Yakoubi and co-authors describe new findings in virology.
September 2, 2008... According to recent research from Montfavet, France, "A potyvirus was isolated from a naturally infected squash plant in Algeria in 1986. Biological and serological data have revealed that the virus, initially described as H4, is related to...

Reports outline baculovirus study results from National Cheng-Kung University, Institute of Biotechnology.
September 2, 2008... Researchers detail in 'Cooperation of ie1 and p35 genes in the activation of baculovirus AcMNPV and HzNV-1 promoters,' new data in baculovirus. "HzNV-1 is a non-occluded virus belongs to the family of the baculovirus. One of the first...

Studies from University of Guelph, Department of Pathobiology yield new information about coronavirus genetics.(Report)
September 2, 2008... New research, 'Complete genomic sequence of turkey coronavirus,' is the subject of a report. According to a study from Guelph, Canada, "Turkey coronavirus (TCoV), one of the least characterized of all known coronaviruses, was isolated from an...

Reports outline dengue fever epidemiology study findings from Oxford University.(Report)
September 2, 2008... A report, 'Dengue in Vietnamese infants--results of infection-enhancement assays correlate with age-related disease epidemiology, and cellular immune responses correlate with disease severity,' is newly published data in The Journal of...

Studies from University of Minnesota update current data on epidemiology.(Report)
September 2, 2008... Scientists discuss in 'Prevalence of antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in Kenyan wildlife' new findings in epidemiology. "Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus associated with periodic outbreaks, mostly on the African...

Study findings from Medical School, Division of Nephrology broaden understanding of hemorrhagic fever.(Report)
September 2, 2008... Research findings, 'Viral hemorrhagic fever-induced acute kidney injury,' are discussed in a new report. "Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are diseases caused by the RNA virus from 4 different families (Flaviridiae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae,...

Research on influenza genetics discussed by scientists at Ohio State University.(Report)
September 2, 2008... A new study, 'Differential expression of cytokine genes and iNOS induced by nonviable nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae or its LOS mutants during acute otitis media in the rat,' is now available. According to recent research published in the...

Data on life sciences reported by researchers at University of Buenos Aires.
September 2, 2008... Fresh data on life sciences are presented in the report 'Dehydroepiandrosterone, epiandrosterone and synthetic derivatives inhibit Junin virus replication in vitro.' "In the present paper the in vitro antiviral activity of...

New life sciences study findings have been reported from M. Stucki et al.
September 2, 2008... Researchers detail in 'Investigations of prion and virus safety of a new liquid IVIG product,' new data in life sciences. According to recent research published in the journal Biologicals, "A highly purified, liquid, 10% immunoglobulin product...

Research from University of Iowa, Department of Biochemistry in the area of life sciences described.
September 2, 2008... Current study results from the report, 'Investigation of the properties of non-gypsy suppressor of hairy-wing-binding sites,' have been published. "Insulators define interactions between transcriptional control elements in eukaryotic genomes....

Research from University of Maryland, Institute of Human Virology provide new insights into life sciences.
September 2, 2008... Fresh data on life sciences are presented in the report 'The conserved salt bridge in human alpha-defensin 5 is required for its precursor processing and proteolytic stability.' According to recent research from the United States, "Mammalian...

Research from Zhejiang University in life sciences provides new insights.(Report)
September 2, 2008... Investigators publish new data in the report 'Characterization of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus with a deletion of bm118.' According to recent research from Hangzhou, People's Republic of China, "Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV)...

Researchers at Hokkaido University, Department of Pediatrics have published new data on life sciences.(Report)
September 2, 2008... New research, 'Detection of four genetic subgroup-specific antibodies to human metapneumovirus attachment (G) protein in human serum,' is the subject of a report. "Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) strains are classified into two genetic groups, A...

Studies conducted at Newcastle University, Institute for Cell and Molecular Bioscience on life sciences recently published.(Report)
September 2, 2008... New research, 'Dissection of a co-translational nascent chain separation event,' is the subject of a report. "Some RNA and protein sequences are capable of directing changes to the course of translation from that expected from the mRNA...

Study data from Graduate School update knowledge of life sciences.(Report)
September 2, 2008... A new study, 'Identification and characterization of a novel envelope protein in Rana grylio virus,' is now available. "Viral envelope proteins have been proposed to play significant roles in virus infection and assembly. In this study, an...

Study results from Federal University, Health Science Center in the area of pediatric in children published.(Report)
September 2, 2008... A new study, 'Hospitalization due to norovirus and genotypes of rotavirus in pediatric patients, state of Espirito Santo,' is now available. According to recent research published in the journal Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, "Viruses are...

Reports from Fourth Military Medical University describe recent advances in Newcastle disease.
September 2, 2008... Data detailed in 'Characterization of the genome sequence of an oncolytic Newcastle disease virus strain Italien' have been presented. "We determined the complete genome sequence of strain Italien, a virulent and oncolytic strain of Newcastle...

New polyomavirus immunology research from University of Tokyo, Department of Urology described.(Report)
September 2, 2008... A new study, 'Conserved archetypal configuration of the transcriptional control region during the course of BK polyomavirus evolution,' is now available. According to a study from Tokyo, Japan, "BK polyomavirus (BKV) is widespread among humans,...

New data from Chulalongkorn University, Department of Biochemistry illuminate research in respiratory disease in children.(Report)
September 2, 2008... New research, 'Prevalence and molecular characterization of WU/KI polyomaviruses isolated from pediatric patients with respiratory disease in Thailand,' is the subject of a report. "WU and KI polyomaviruses represent novel viruses discovered in...

Research from University of California provide new insights into retrovirus.(Report)
September 2, 2008... Research findings, 'Endogenous retroviruses in systemic response to stress signals,' are discussed in a new report. According to a study from the United States, "Infection of germline cells with retroviruses initiates permanent proviral...

Studies from Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine reveal new findings on rotavirus.
September 2, 2008... New investigation results, 'Rotavirus infections and climate variability in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a time-series analysis,' are detailed in a study published in Epidemiology and Infection. According to a study from Nagasaki, Japan, "Attempts to...

Shingles Pain Treatment Will Benefit More Patients.
September 2, 2008... The medicated pain relief plaster, (Versatis) is now approved by the Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) for restricted use within NHS Scotland for patients suffering pain following shingles(1) http://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/smc/5850.html....

Survivors of 1918 flu pandemic protected with a lifetime immunity to virus.(Report)
September 2, 2008... New research has discovered that infection and natural exposure to the 1918 influenza virus made survivors immune to the disease for the remaining of their lives. Antibodies produced by cells isolated from these survivors served as an effective...

Positive Mosquito Count for West Nile Virus Lead DEP, Southeastern PA Counties to Ramp up Treatment Activities.
September 2, 2008... Due to an exceptionally high number of West Nile virus-infected mosquitoes in southeastern Pennsylvania, the Department of Environmental Protection and its county partners will be stepping up efforts this week to combat the mosquito populations...

Malaria researchers identify new mosquito virus.
September 9, 2008... Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health's Malaria Research Institute have identified a previously unknown virus that is infectious to Anopheles gambiaeuthe mosquito primarily responsible for transmitting malaria....

Studies from University of Messina provide new data on angiogenesis.
September 9, 2008... "Ang-1 (angiopoietin-1) improves the ineffective angiogenesis and impaired wound healing in diabetes; however, the mechanism underlying this positive effect is still far from being completely understood. In the present study, we investigated...

Study data from University of Alberta update understanding of drug resistance.
September 9, 2008... According to recent research published in the Journal of Virology, "Vaccinia virus replication is inhibited by etoposide and mitoxantrone even though poxviruses do not encode the type II topoisomerases that are the specific targets of these...

Research conducted at Shinshu University has provided new information about Epstein-Barr virus.
September 9, 2008... "Aggressive natural killer cell leukaemia (ANKL) is a malignant disorder of mature NK cells with a poor prognosis, for which no effective therapeutic approach has been established. We investigated the role of allogeneic haematopoietic cell...

Reports from J. Rawling and co-researchers add new data to research in fusion proteins.
September 9, 2008... According to recent research from Madrid, Spain, "Cell entry by paramyxoviruses requires fusion of the viral envelope with the target cell membrane. Fusion is mediated by the viral fusion (F) glycoprotein and usually requires the aid of the...

Cornell University details research in astrocytoma.
September 9, 2008... A report, 'Detection and quantitative analysis of human herpesvirus in pilocytic astrocytoma,' is newly published data in Brain Research. "We investigated the hypothetical role of human herpesviruses (HHVs) in tumor formation of the cerebellum....

Researchers from University of Ulsan, Research Center detail new studies and findings in the area of keratitis.
September 9, 2008... A report, 'MCP-1 derived from stromal keratocyte induces corneal infiltration of CD4+ T cells in herpetic stromal keratitis,' is newly published data in Molecules and Cells. "Herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) is an inflammatory disorder induced...

Researchers from National Public Health Institute detail new studies and findings in the area of life sciences.(Report)
September 9, 2008... New research, 'NF-kappaB p52, RelB and c-Rel are transported into the nucleus via a subset of importin alpha molecules,' is the subject of a report. "In resting cells NF-kappaB transcription factors are retained in the cytoplasm as latent...

Study data from University of Michigan, Department of Pathology update understanding of respiratory syncytial virus.
September 9, 2008... New investigation results, 'CXCL10/CXCR3-mediated responses promote immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection by augmenting dendritic cell and CD8(+) T cell efficacy,' are detailed in a study published in European Journal of Immunology....

Researchers from University of Texas, Health Science Center report details of new studies and findings in the area of respiratory syncytial virus therapy.
September 9, 2008... Current study results from the report, 'Role of human beta-defensin-2 during tumor necrosis factor-alpha/NF-kappaB-mediated innate antiviral response against human respiratory syncytial virus,' have been published. According to recent research...

Data on semliki forest virus cell biology reported by investigators at Albert-Ludwigs University, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research.
September 9, 2008... Fresh data on semliki forest virus are presented in the report 'Apoptosis induced by Semliki Forest virus is RNA replication dependent and mediated via Bak.' "The RNA alphavirus Semliki Forest (SFV) triggers apoptosis in various mammalian...

Researchers from Food & Drug Administration report on findings in adenovirus.
September 9, 2008... "When adenovirus (Ad) vectors are injected intravenously they are rapidly taken up by Kupffer cells (KCs) in the liver. This results in massive KC necrosis within minutes, followed by a more gradual disappearance of KCs from the liver,"...

Researchers at Stanford University, Medical Department target chickenpox.
September 9, 2008... According to recent research published in the Journal of Virology, "The gene cluster composed of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) open reading frame 9 (OPF9) to ORF12 encodes four putative tegument proteins and is highly conserved in most...

Reports on chronic fatigue syndrome findings from K. Miwa and co-researchers provide new insights.
September 9, 2008... According to recent research published in the journal Clinical Cardiology, "Small heart syndrome has previously been reported as neurocirculatory asthenia, associated with a small heart shadow on a chest roentgenogram. This is characterized as...

Studies from University of Colorado, Medical Department provide new data on enzyme research.(Report)
September 9, 2008... "Poliovirus (PV) mRNA is unusual because it possesses a 5'-terminal monophosphate rather than a 5'-terminal cap. Uncapped mRNAs are typically degraded by the 5' exonuclease XRN1," researchers in the United States report (see also Enzyme...

Investigators at University of Wisconsin zero in on Epstein-Barr virus.
September 9, 2008... "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replicates its genome as a licensed plasmid in latently infected cells. Although replication of this plasmid is essential for EBV latent infection, its synthesis still fails for 16% of the templates in S phase,"...

Studies in the area of hemorrhagic fever reported from J.M. Rojek and co-researchers.
September 9, 2008... "The cellular proprotein convertase site I protease (SIP) has been implicated in the proteolytic processing of the glycoproteins (GPs) of Old World arenaviruses. Here we report that SIP is also involved in the processing of the GPs of the...

New herpesvirus research from S. Boettcher and colleagues discussed.
September 9, 2008... "Herpesviruses specify a ubiquitin-specific protease activity located within their largest tegument protein. Although its biological role is still largely unclear, mutation within the active site abolished deubiquitinating (DUB) activity and...

Research from Washington University, Medical Department reveals new findings on herpesvirus.
September 9, 2008... According to recent research published in the Journal of Virology, "Mice lacking the Stat1 interferon signaling gene were infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or an attenuated recombinant lacking virion host shutoff (Delta vhs)."...