Virus Weekly articles from June 2009

Virus Weekly archives from June 2009

USC researchers uncover mechanism that allows influenza virus to evade the body's immune response.
June 2, 2009... Researchers at the University of Southern California (USC) have identified a critical molecular mechanism that allows the influenza virus to evade the body's immune response system (see also University of Southern California). The study...

Investigators at University of Georgia, Medical Department target asthma.
June 2, 2009... "Infections with respiratory pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus have been associated with the development of long-term chronic airway disease. To better understand the events responsible for this clinical outcome, a...

Findings in Epstein-Barr virus reported from La Sapienza University.(Report)
June 2, 2009... "EBV lytic cycle activators, such as phorbol esters, anti-immunoglobulin, transforming growth factor b (TGFb), sodium butyrate, induce apoptosis in EBV-negative but not in EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells. To investigate the molecular...

Researchers from National Institutes of Health describe findings in gene therapy.
June 2, 2009... "The licensed smallpox vaccine, comprised of infectious vaccinia virus, has associated adverse effects, particularly for immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, safer DNA and protein vaccines are being investigated," scientists in the United...

Recent findings in hantavirus described by W.Y. Zhang and colleagues.
June 2, 2009... "To understand the spatial distribution of hantavirus infections across landscapes and its influencing environment factors in Beijing, People's Republic of China, rodents captured in this region were examined for hantavirus by reverse...

New research on herpes zoster virus from S. Nithyanandam and co-authors summarized.(Clinical report)
June 2, 2009... " Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is characterized by a typical vesicular eruption affecting the distribution of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve which can be of varying severity. The correlation of eruption severity and ocular...

Research from K. Tveten and co-researchers provides new data on hypercholesterolemia.(Report)
June 2, 2009... "Familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene. The synonymous mutation R385R has been shown to introduce a cryptic splice site in exon 9. The aims of this study were to establish to...

Reports outline life sciences study findings from A. Aiyar and colleagues.
June 2, 2009... "Epstein-Barr virus is replicated once per cell-cycle, and partitioned equally in latently infected cells. Both these processes require a single viral cis-element, termed oriP, and a single viral protein, EBNA1," scientists in the United States...

Studies from M.P. Pender et al in the area of multiple sclerosis described.
June 2, 2009... In this recently published article, scientists in Brisbane, Australia conducted a study "To investigate T cell and antibody immunity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunity to EBV nuclear antigen...

Reports outline proteomics study findings from J.M. Kovacs and colleagues.
June 2, 2009... According to a study from the United States, "Complement receptor 2 (CR2, CD21) is a cell membrane protein, with 15 or 16 extracellular short consensus repeats (SCRs), that promotes B lymphocyte responses and bridges innate and acquired...

Study results from B. Makhoul and colleagues update understanding of west nile virus.
June 2, 2009... According to a study from Haifa, Israel, "West Nile virus, the etiologic agent of West Nile fever, is an emerging mosquito-borne disease. WNV was recognized as a cause of severe human meningoencephalitis in elderly patients during outbreaks in...

Research on Epstein-Barr virus reported by scientists at University of Rochester, Department of Dermatology.(Report)
June 2, 2009... Research findings, 'Epstein-Barr virus WZhet DNA can induce lytic replication in epithelial cells in vitro, although WZhet is not detectable in many human tissues in vivo,' are discussed in a new report. According to recent research from the...

Researchers at University of Cologne target adenovirus.
June 2, 2009... "Diseases associated with viruses also found in environmental samples cause major health problems in developing countries. Little is known about the frequency and pattern of viral contamination of drinking water sources in these resource-poor...

Scientists at Boston University, Medical Department publish research in aging.
June 2, 2009... According to a study from the United States, "Our recent reports indicated that polyploidization of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) serves as a biomarker for aging, and that the polyploid state is linked to a higher incidence of...

Research from Wayne State University yields new findings on antivirals.
June 2, 2009... "Stereoselective synthesis of antiviral synguanol (1) is described. Reaction of 6-benzyloxy-2-(dimethylaminomethyleneamino)purine (10) with ethyl (cis,trans)-2-chloro-2-(chloromethyl) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (2c) under the conditions of...

New baculovirus study findings have been reported by scientists at GlaxoSmithKline.
June 2, 2009... "Identification of small-molecule inhibitors by high-throughput screening necessitates the development of robust, reproducible and cost-effective assays. The assay approach adopted may utilize isolated proteins or whole cells containing the...

Research conducted at A. Macneil and co-authors has provided new information about chickenpox.
June 2, 2009... "Monkeypox virus and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) cause visually similar rash illnesses. Monkeypox is more virulent, with fatality rates up to 10%," investigators in the United States report (see also Chickenpox). "In June 2007, reports...

New cytomegalovirus data have been reported by B.J. Shi and co-authors.
June 2, 2009... According to a study from Scotland, "We previously described interviral recombinant RNAs derived from a chimeric virus having RNAs 1 and 2 of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) with RNA 3 from the related tomato aspermy virus (TAV) and the 2b gene...

Research from C.H. Cook and co-researchers provides new data on cytomegalovirus.
June 2, 2009... "Control of acute murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection is dependent upon both innate and adaptive immune responses, relying primarily upon natural killer (NK) and T-cell responses for control. Although CD28/B7 plays a clear role in T-cell...

New dengue fever research reported from University of Queensland.
June 2, 2009... According to a study from Australia, "A virulent strain of the obligate intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis that shortens insect lifespan has recently been transinfected into the primary mosquito vector of dengue virus, Aedes aegypti L....

Studies in the area of dengue fever reported from T. Peng and co-researchers.(Report)
June 2, 2009... "Caveolae- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis are major internalization pathways used by several pathogens; however, their distinctive roles in dengue virus (DV) entry have not been addressed. In this study, we compared the involvement of...

Research conducted at Y. Maeno and co-authors has provided new information about diarrhea.
June 2, 2009... "We studied the role of osteopontin (OPN) in host responses against rotavirus (RV) infection. OPN knockout (OPN-KO) suckling mice were more susceptible to RV (strain EW) infection and showed prolonged diarrhea duration compared to wild-type...

New gastroenterology study findings have been reported from University of Zurich.
June 2, 2009... "The concentrative nucleoside transporter-1 (CNT1) is a member of the solute carrier 28 (SLC28) gene family and is expressed in the liver, intestine, and kidneys. CNT1 mediates the uptake of naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleosides, but also...

New findings from University of Turin describe advances in herpesvirus.
June 2, 2009... "Human herpesvirus 7 is a highly seroprevalent beta-herpesvirus that, following primary infection, remains latent in CD4+ T cells and determines a persistent rather than a latent infection in various tissues and organs, including the lung and...

Study data from S. Hao et al provide new insights into herpesvirus.(Report)
June 2, 2009... According to a study from the United States, "We examined the analgesic properties of endomorphin-2 expressed in DRG neurons transduced with a non-replicating herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based vector containing a synthetic endomorphin-2 gene...

Research from Drexel University in the area of influenza published.(Report)
June 2, 2009... "Supplementation with mushroom-derived active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) modulates immunity and increases survival in response to a broad spectrum of acute infections, including influenza virus infection. However, dose-response data are...

Research from McMaster University provide new insights into influenza.(Report)
June 2, 2009... " The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with acute episodes of bacterial exacerbations. The most commonly isolated bacteria during episodes of exacerbation is nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI),"...

Researchers from Hokkaido University, Medical Department discuss findings in influenza.
June 2, 2009... "Many influenza A viruses form plaques on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in the presence of trypsin," scientists in Sapporo, Japan report (see also Influenza). "A/duck/Siberia/272/1998 (H13N6) (Sib272), however, does not form...

Researchers from University of Hong Kong, Medical Department provide details of new studies and findings in the area of influenza.
June 2, 2009... According to recent research from Hong Kong, People's Republic of China, "Estimates of the clinical-onset serial interval of human influenza infection (time between onset of symptoms in an index case and a secondary case) are used to inform...

Reports from A.C. Mishra and colleagues advance knowledge in life sciences.(Report)
June 2, 2009... According to a study from Pune, India, "A focal H5N1 outbreak in poultry was reported from Manipur, a north-eastern state, of India, in 2007. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize the Manipur isolate to understand the...

Reports from L.Q. Qiu and co-researchers add new data to research in life sciences.
June 2, 2009... According to a study from Singapore, Singapore, "Viperin (virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum [ER]-associated, interferon-inducible) has been identified as a highly inducible ER protein that has antiviral activity. Here, we...

Researchers at University of Agriculture publish new data on life sciences.(Report)
June 2, 2009... "Previous studies indicate that the UL31 protein and its homology play similar roles in nuclear egress of all herpesviruses. However, there is no report on the UL31 gene product of DEV," investigators in Yaan, People's Republic of China report...

Studies from Aristotle University add new findings in the area of life sciences.(Report)
June 2, 2009... According to a study from Thessaloniki, Greece, "Diazepam (DZ) belongs to benzodiazepines, a group of drugs used for sedation, for the relief of anxiety, and in the treatment of epilepsy. It has been found that DZ influences cytotoxic activity...

Scientists at Wayne State University describe research in otitis media.(Report)
June 2, 2009... According to a study from the United States, "We performed this study to determine the role of nasopharyngeal and middle ear (ME) biofilms in acute otitis media (AOM). Sixty female 6-month-old chinchillas, free of ME disease, were utilized."...

Research results from Comenius University update understanding of pandemics.
June 2, 2009... "The aim of this paper is to assess the expected socio-economic impacts of various scenarios of pandemic influenza mitigation on the economy and mortality for Slovakia. Compared to similar past studies (e.g," scientists in Bratislava, Slovakia...

Scientists at Linkoping University target pandemics.
June 2, 2009... According to recent research from Sweden, " To examine the validity and usefulness of pandemic simulations aimed at informing practical decision-making in public health. We recruited a multidisciplinary group of nine experts to assess a...

Scientists at University of New South Wales discuss research in pandemics.(Report)
June 2, 2009... According to recent research from Kensington, Australia, "There is a general consensus that another influenza pandemic is inevitable. Although health care workers (HCWs) are essential to the health system response, there are few studies...

Reports from University of Melbourne describe recent advances in rhinitis.
June 2, 2009... "Equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV), genus Erbovirus, is most closely related to the Cardiovirus genus in the family Picornaviridae. The structural proteins (VP1-4) of erboviruses are not well described, but are predicted by sequence to be 35,...

Research conducted at S. Tylor and co-authors has provided new information about severe acute respiratory syndrome.
June 2, 2009... "The multimerization/self-interaction of viral proteins is an important step in the process of viral assembly and maturation. Our previous study indicated that the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid...

New stem cell research from Columbia University outlined.
June 2, 2009... "Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and other primitive stem cells of mice have been known for more than 30 years to potently block retrovirus replication(1). Infection of ESCs by the murine leukaemia viruses (MLVs) results in the normal establishment...

Research results from I. Rochlin and colleagues update understanding of west nile virus.
June 2, 2009... "Culex species were monitored at three proximate sites with historically different West Nile virus (WNV) activities. The site with human WNV transmission (epidemic) had the lowest abundance of the putative bridge vectors, Culex pipiens and Cx....

Studies from National Center for Epidemiology, Division of Virology describe new findings in acute gastroenteritis in children.
June 2, 2009... A new study, 'Detection of human bocavirus from fecal samples of Hungarian children with acute gastroenteritis,' is now available. "Human bocavirus (HBoV), a newly identified member of the Parvoviridae family is associated with respiratory...

Findings from Institute of Health broaden understanding of cardiology.(Report)
June 2, 2009... Current study results from the report, 'Prohibitin protects against oxidative stress-induced cell injury in cultured neonatal cardiomyocyte,' have been published. "Oxidative stress is one of the main causes of myocardial injury, which is...

Reports summarize herpesvirus prevention study results from University of Medical Sciences.(Report)
June 2, 2009... Data detailed in 'Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide reduces the latency rate in herpes simplex virus type-1 infections' have been presented. "During the latency period of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), the virus can occasionally...

Scientists at John Radcliffe Hospital, Department of Paediatrics target influenza.
June 2, 2009... New investigation results, 'Lex2B, a phase-variable glycosyltransferase, adds either a glucose or a galactose to Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide,' are detailed in a study published in Infection and Immunity. According to a study from...

Research from University of Calgary, Department of Medical Science has provided new information about life sciences.
June 2, 2009... Scientists discuss in 'Cryptococcus neoformans directly stimulates perforin production and rearms NK cells for enhanced anticryptococcal microbicidal activity' new findings in life sciences. "NK cells, in addition to possessing antitumor and...

Studies in the area of life sciences reported from M.P. Cayer and co-researchers.
June 2, 2009... Fresh data on life sciences are presented in the report 'c-Src tyrosine kinase co-associates with and phosphorylates signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b which mediates the proliferation of normal human B lymphocytes.' "c-Src is...

Research from University of Istanbul yields new findings on pneumonia.
June 2, 2009... A new study, 'Comparison of in vitro activities of tigecycline with other antimicrobial agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in two university hospitals in Istanbul, Turkey,' is now...

Studies from Y.G. Zhu et al have provided new data on severe acute respiratory syndrome immunology.
June 2, 2009... A report, 'Differential characteristics of the early stage of lung inflammation induced by SARS-CoV Nucleocapsid protein related to age in the mouse,' is newly published data in Inflammation Research. According to recent research from Shanghai,...

AutoGenomics New RVP Assay Addresses Current Challenge to Detect Flu a - Swine H1N1.
June 2, 2009... AutoGenomics, a leader in developing automated molecular testing solutions, announced that a Canadian team comprised of the Canada Research Chair in Medical Genomics, Professor Jacques Corbeil and Canada Research Chair on new viruses and...

Carnival Corporation & plc Reports Financial Impact of Itinerary Changes Responding to H1N1 Influenza Mexico Travel Advisory; Plans Rapid Return to Popular Mexican Ports.
June 2, 2009... Carnival Corporation & plc (NYSE/LSE: CCL; NYSE CUK) announced a financial impact estimated at approximately $0.05 per share, the majority of which will be incurred in the second fiscal quarter of 2009, as a result of modifications to cruise...

Ecolab and National Restaurant Association Co-Sponsor Panel Discussion on Pandemic Preparedness Planning.(Discussion)
June 2, 2009... Ecolab Inc. and the National Restaurant Association (NRA) are co-sponsoring a panel discussion regarding pandemic preparedness planning on Saturday, May 16. The event is part of this year's National Restaurant Association Restaurant,...

Premier Herpes Dating Website, www.TwoCan.com, to Aid in Finding a Cure for Herpes.
June 2, 2009... TwoCan.com(TM) announces the full release of its herpes dating website, www.TwoCan.com and its commitment to help find a cure by donating a percentage of profits to Duke University's herpes research. TwoCan.com is the first and only dating site...

Pandemic passenger screening.
June 2, 2009... Four major US national laboratories have worked together to develop a computer model to help airport authorities screen passengers for pandemic influenza. The tool can help estimate false negatives, people with influenza who slip through the...

A New Era in the Application of Lab-on-a-Chip to Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnosis.
June 2, 2009... Hai Kang Life Corporation Limited (HKLife) announces further developments of its patented field-assisted LOAC (Lab-on-a-Chip) system, EFADchip technology at the BIO 2009 International Convention, the Global Event for Biotechnology held in...

CORRECTION: Viral Genetics Pursues Promising New Therapy for Lyme Disease With Grant from Time for Lyme, Inc.(Correction notice)
June 2, 2009... On April 16, 2009 and March 18, 2009, biotechnology firm Viral Genetics, Inc. (Pink Sheets: VRAL) announced "that the company is pursing a promising new therapy for Lyme Disease with funding from Time for Lyme, Inc., and the Turn Corner...

Americans Support U.S. Working to Improve Health in Developing Countries.
June 2, 2009... Despite the economic downturn, a new poll shows a large majority of Americans support U.S. efforts to improve health in poor countries. This support is grounded in altruistic concern for the poor, but it also comes from a sense that in today's...

MedAire Flu Kit Helps Prevent H1N1, Seasonal Flu.
June 2, 2009... In the wake of the current H1N1 influenza outbreak, and due to high client demand, MedAire has developed a Flu Kit to help aviation and maritime crewmembers prevent the spread of H1N1 and seasonal influenza (see also MedAire, Inc.). ...

NanoViricides, Inc. Announces Additional Herpes Keratitis Study.
June 2, 2009... NanoViricides, Inc. (OTC BB: NNVC.OB) (the "Company"), announced that the Institutional Review Committee of a major research institute in New York has approved an investigator-initiated in vivo study which will evaluate certain topical...

Many Companies Preparing on Global Scale for A(H1N1) 'Swine Flu' Pandemic, According to Global Survey by Councils of the Conference Board.
June 2, 2009... Many global companies have activated a pandemic response plan to the threat of an A(H1N1) "swine flu" pandemic, according to a survey released by The Conference Board (see also Pandemics). The survey of 121 members of 44 Councils of The...

Research from University of Alabama in central nervous system infection provides new insights.
June 9, 2009... "Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is an uncommon neoplastic complication of kidney transplantation, affecting about 1% of recipients. It is generally associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of B-lineage...

Findings from Washington University, Medical Department provide new insights into depression.(Report)
June 9, 2009... "Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), a neuraminidase inhibitor, is widely used for treatment of influenza. Because abnormal behaviors have been observed in some Japanese teenagers following oseltamivir use, its safety has been questioned," scientists in the...

Scientists at Cardiff University target Epstein-Barr virus.(Report)
June 9, 2009... "B-lymphocytes are essential for the production of antibodies to fight pathogens and are the cells of origin in 95% of human lymphomas. During their activation, and immortalisation by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) which contributes to human cancers,...

Findings from W.H. Lo et al in gene therapy reported.
June 9, 2009... According to recent research from Hsinchu, Taiwan, "Baculovirus is a promising gene delivery vector but its widespread application is impeded as it only mediates transient transgene expression in mammalian cells. To prolong the expression, we...

New data from X.H. Zhou et al illuminate research in glaucoma.(Report)
June 9, 2009... According to a study from the United States, "Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness. The ultimate cause of vision loss in glaucoma is thought to be retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death." "Neuroprotection of RGC is therefore an...

Research from K. Suzuki and co-researchers in the area of hantavirus described.(Report)
June 9, 2009... In this recent study, researchers in La Plata, Argentina conducted a study "To provide information on hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) knowledge and practices among a cluster of the rural Japanese communities near La Plata in central...

Research reports from P. Heyman and co-authors provide new insights into hantavirus.(Report)
June 9, 2009... According to recent research published in the journal Vector - Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, "In order to determine the habitat preferred by Myodes (before Clethrionomys) glareolus and the corresponding Puumala hantavirus seroprevalence in those...

Data from N. Sriwilaijaroen et al provide new insights into influenza.
June 9, 2009... "The initial step essential in influenza virus infection is specific binding of viral hemagglutinin to host cell-surface glycan receptors. Influenza A virus specificity for the host is mediated by viral envelope hemagglutinin, that binds to...

Research from Rush University, Medical Department in influenza provides new insights.(Report)
June 9, 2009... "Influenza viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in adults each winter. At the same time, other respiratory viruses circulate and cause respiratory illness with influenza-like symptoms," scientists in the United States report (see...

University of Tokyo reports research in influenza.(Report)
June 9, 2009... According to a study from Tokyo, Japan, "Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses are circulating in many countries. We recently discovered that these viruses have been transmitted to pigs on multiple occasions in Indonesia." "To...

New interferon data have been reported by researchers at Aarhus University.
June 9, 2009... "The 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family consist of three genes encoding active OAS enzymes (OAS1-3) and an OAS-Like (OASL) gene encoding an inactive protein. The transcription of all four members of this family is actively induced by...

Reports on life sciences findings from University Hospital provide new insights.
June 9, 2009... According to a study from Oslo, Norway, "The objective of this project was to determine whether nonsense mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) induces nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Four known nonsense mutations (W23X,...

Reports from K. Shirato and colleagues advance knowledge in respiratory syncytial virus.(Report)
June 9, 2009... "Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a major causative agent of respiratory tract infections, influences allergic diseases. Mast cells, important effector cells in allergic disease, also express chemokine (C-X-3-C Motif) receptor 1 (CX(3)CR1),"...

Research from Nanyang Technological University reveals new findings on respiratory syncytial virus.(Report)
June 9, 2009... According to recent research from Singapore, Singapore, "We examined the structure of lipid-raft membranes in respiratory syncytial virus infected cells. Cholesterol depletion studies using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin suggested that membrane...

Reports outline neuropathic pain therapy study results from J.P. Lefaucheur et al.
June 9, 2009... A new study, 'Motor cortex stimulation for the treatment of refractory peripheral neuropathic pain,' is now available. According to recent research from France, "Epidural motor cortex stimulation (MCS) has been proposed as a treatment for...

Studies from University of Hong Kong provide new data on astrovirus.(Report)
June 9, 2009... "Astroviruses infect humans and many different animal species and are associated with gastroenteritis. Recent studies first detected the virus from bat species in Hong Kong," scientists writing in the Journal of General Virology report (see...

Research reports on chickenpox from University of Glasgow provide new insights.
June 9, 2009... According to a study from Scotland, "Relationships among varicella-zoster virus (VZV; Human herpesvirus 3) genome sequences were examined to evaluate descent of strains, structures of lineages and incidence of recombination events. Eighteen...

Investigators at University of Oslo target cytomegalovirus.
June 9, 2009... According to recent research published in the American Journal of Transplantation, "Though an important cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplantation (SOT), the long-term outcomes of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease treatment...

Research reports from Virginia Commonwealth University provide new insights into cytomegalovirus.
June 9, 2009... According to a study from the United States, "The impact of genome length on replication and genome stability was assessed for guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV), a member of the Herpesviridae. The 233-kb genome could be decreased by 15.1 kb...

Studies from Louisiana State University yield new data on dementia.
June 9, 2009... "Since the discovery of neuropathological lesions made of TDP-43 and ubiquitin proteins in cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), there is a burst of effort on finding related familial...

Reports from B. Dethoisy and co-researchers add new data to research in dengue fever.
June 9, 2009... "In South America, dengue is the arbovirus-transmitted disease with the highest incidence. Unlike other arboviruses, wild mammals have no confirmed role in the cycle of dengue in the neotropics, although serological studies have suggested a...

Study data from University of Massachusetts update knowledge of dengue fever.
June 9, 2009... "The depletion Of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) has been associated with the inhibition of growth of microorganisms and also has profound effects on T cell proliferation and immune tolerance. The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyses the...

Study findings from University of Western Australia broaden understanding of disease associations.
June 9, 2009... According to a study from Crawley, Australia, "The study of the association of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles and polymorphic retrotransposons such as Alu, HERV, and LTR at various loci within the Major Histocompatibility Complex...

Investigators at Children's Hospital publish new data on drug resistance.(Report)
June 9, 2009... "Influenza A (H5N1) virus is one of the world's greatest pandemic threats. Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir, prevent the spread of influenza, but drug-resistant viruses have reduced their effectiveness," researchers in...