AIDS Weekly articles from October 2001

AIDS Weekly archives from October 2001

Latent Epstein-Barr Expression May Underlie Development.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and EBV-related gene expression may be important agents in the etiology of HIV related lymphomas, researchers in Germany...

Plant Virus-Based Vaccines Can Be Effective.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Plant viruses can be used as the basis for potent vaccines for HIV and possibly other infections, according to researchers in Italy. Eugenio Benvenuto...

Protease Inhibitors Inhibit P-Glycoprotein Function.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Drugs that interfere with the function of HIV protease may also inhibit the activity of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein, researchers in Italy say....

Rhesus Monkeys Protected Against AIDS By Live Vaccine.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- More than 22 million people worldwide have died of AIDS. With millions of new infections each year, a safe and effective AIDS vaccine is imperative. In the past year or so, groups at Harvard...

Tuberculous Pleurisy More Severe In HIV Positive Patients.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Patients infected with HIV face greater risks from tuberculosis-related lung inflammations than HIV negative patients, researchers in Uganda find. H....

Favorable Genetic Factors Same For Progression, Vaccine Efficacy.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Gene polymorphisms linked to favorable prognoses after HIV infection are also associated with positive responses to HIV vaccines, researchers say. ...

Mexico Launches Education Campaign For Migrants.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Seeking to stem a tide of HIV infections among migrants, the Mexican government launched a health education program Saturday aimed at those who cross the border - and who sometime bring AIDS home...

Federal Funds To Prevent AIDS Were Used For Sexually Explicit Ads.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The advertisements addressed to gay men were provocative: Learn to write racy stories about your sexual encounters, choose toys "for solo and partner sex'' or share tales of erotic experiences. ...

Drugs Not Available For Nigerian Treatment Plan.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Nigeria has begun what it called Africa's most ambitious AIDS treatment program although health officials admitted they had yet to receive any of the cheap generic drugs needed for the plan. ...

Some Vaccines May Boost Immune System.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Vaccines intended to protect people from getting AIDS may also work as a treatment for those already infected, boosting their immune system so they can temporarily stop taking AIDS drugs. ...

ViroLogic Awarded Grant For HIV Drug Resistance Testing.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- ViroLogic, Inc. has been exclusively awarded a $1.2 million Ryan White CARE Grant for HIV drug resistance testing in Washington, DC. The grant will provide testing access to low-income...

Data Safety Monitoring Board Finds Remune Study Meets Primary Endpoint.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- As announced by the Immune Response Corporation (IRC) on July 11, 2001, it was anticipated that the independent Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) would be meeting again to evaluate the results of...

Remune Study 202 Discontinued By Immune Response Corporation.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The Immune Response Corporation (IRC) announced in August 2001, that after a thorough review of the available data, it has informed Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., of its decision that it does not...

HIV Viral Load Test Introduced In Europe.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Abbott Laboratories has introduced a new HIV viral load diagnostic test in Europe. The test - the LCx HIV RNA Quantitative Assay - is the newest addition to the Abbott's LCx automated system,...

Female Health Reports Third Quarter Gains.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The Female Health Company (FHCO) reported revenues of $2,296,590 and net income of $11,756 for the three months ending June 30, 2001 compared with revenues of $1,377,932 and a net loss of $865,702...

Microparticle Adsorption Augments Efficacy.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - DNA-based HIV vaccines are more effective when delivered on the surface of charged particles, according to researchers in the United States. Derek...

Genomics System Combats Deadly Bacterial Complications Of AIDS, Cystic Fibrosis.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Infectech Inc. (IFEC) has received a U.S. patent for its method for detecting and killing nontuberculous mycobacteria and Pseudomonas, both leading causes of death and suffering for 37 million...

HIV/AIDS Deaths Are Decreasing In Some Areas Of Kenya.(Brief Article)
October 1, 2001... 2001 OCT 1 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The director of Kenya's National HIV/AIDS Control Council, Margaret Gachara, has said that deaths associated with HIV/AIDS are declining in some parts of the country, the independent Daily Nation...

Langerhans Cells Express Functional CXCR4.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Human Langerhans cells express a functional HIV coreceptor, a finding that may help clarify the mechanisms of HIV transmission, according to researchers in...

Shigella-Based Vector Causes Specific Immune Response.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Genetic material from an E. coli-like bacteria and an HIV coat protein can be used to provoke HIV specific immune responses in mice, according to...

Major AIDS Studies To Increase Minority Enrollment, Answer New Questions.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The National Institutes of Health will increase the number of respondents, as well as minority respondents, to its two most important AIDs surveys to gather contemporary information on infection and...

Interferon-Producing Cell Levels Linked To Progression Risk.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Patients infected with HIV are less likely to experience AIDS-defining events if they maintain relatively high levels of interferon-producing cells,...

Recombinant Influenza Vectors Produce Antiviral Response.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Hyperattenuated flu viruses transfected with HIV genetic material may be able to help prevent HIV infection, researchers in Austria report. Boris Ferko...

AIDS Virus's Ability To Mimic Other Infections Weakens the Body's Defenses.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- New, three-dimensional images from researchers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute provide the fullest picture yet of how the AIDS virus blunts the immune system's ability to mount an attack against...

Companies Expand Access To Nevirapine Donation Program.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Axios International announced that they will assist Boehringer Ingelheim to facilitate the implementation of their Viramune Donation Program for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT)...

Epimmune Provides HIV Vaccine Program Update.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Epimmune Inc., presenting at the AIDS Vaccine 2001 Conference held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 7, 2001, provided additional information on its HIV vaccine program including its initial...

Immune Regulating Hormone Impacts Inflammation and Immune Suppression.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals, Inc. presented additional clinical results from its South African studies of investigational drug candidate HE2000, an immune regulating hormone (IRH). Highlights...

Many HIV Patients Fail To Follow Antiretroviral Medication Regimen.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Only half of HIV patients studied report taking all antiretroviral medication in accordance with time and dietary instructions, according to an article in the September 10, 2001, issue of the...

New Technology May Advance AIDS Vaccine Development.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- ViroLogic, Inc. announced that an enhanced version of its PhenoSense HIV drug resistance assay can measure the potential effectiveness of AIDS vaccines in development faster, more efficiently and...

Promising Preclinical Results With Immunotherapeutic Agent.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- CEL-SCI Corporation presented a poster at the AIDS Vaccine 2001 Congress held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania entitled "C Clade HGP-30 (p17 aa 86-115) Based Peptide Conjugates as Potential Therapeutic...

Vaccine Employing Novel Vector Protects Monkeys From Monkey-Human Hybrid Virus.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Yale researchers have developed an AIDS vaccine that has proved effective in animal studies and holds promise for humans. "Based on our results, we think it is likely that this vaccine could be...

Blinding Cells To Chemokines Might Prevent Autoimmune Diseases.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- AIDS and other autoimmune diseases could be tackled with a range of new drugs that stop cells from recognizing certain chemical messages in blood, according to Dr. Gerry Graham from the Glasgow,...

AIDS Vaccine Testing To Accelerate In Uganda.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) and the government of the Republic of Uganda have signed a partnership agreement aimed at accelerating the development and testing of preventive AIDS...

Vaccinated Monkeys Pass 600-Day Mark With No Illness.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- For 600 days and counting, monkeys given an experimental new AIDS vaccine have survived with no signs of illness despite exposure to lethal doses of virus, raising hopes that scientists may be...

Hepatitis C, HIV Make Interesting Combination.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- HIV infection could play a role in making the hepatitis C virus a sexually transmissible disease. This is just one of the possible interactions that could be taking place between these two...

HIV Patients Coinfected With HGV Show Increased Survival.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Genelabs Technologies, Inc. said that two recently published reports show patients infected with both the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and GB virus C (GBV-C, also known as hepatitis G virus or...

Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Repeat Dosing May Limit Effectiveness.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Multiple administration of some HIV vaccines may reduce their efficacy, researchers in Europe and the United States warn. "A major aim in AIDS vaccine...

AIDS Community Exhibits Hope, Determination, Compassion.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- They came from as far away as Kenya and Micronesia, arriving in Miami Beach, Florida, before the horrible tragedy of September 11, 2001. They drove, took trains and busses from as far away as...

High Iron Intake Linked To Development.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - A high level of iron consumption can increase the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis infection, a particular concern for people living in developing areas of...

Antibody Found To Destroy Platelets.(Brief Article)
October 8, 2001... 2001 OCT 8 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The discovery of an antibody that destroys blood platelets may open new therapeutic avenues to treating a platelet disorder associated with HIV infection, and other types of vascular disease,...

Mutations Causing Partial CCR5 Dysfunction Still Confer Protection.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Researchers in the United States say that genotypes linked to reduced function of the CCR5 coreceptor, used by most HIV strains for cell entry, appear to...

Differences In Infection Routes May Complicate Development.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - HIV infection follows different patterns depending on the means of transmission, which need to be taken into account during vaccine studies, researchers in the...

Adefovir Has Limited Effect On Drug Resistance Risk.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - The nucleotide analog adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) can affect the frequency of HIV reverse transcriptase mutations conferring increased drug resistance although...

HIV Patients More Likely To Accept Drug Regimens If They Trust Physicians.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- A study of HIV infected prisoners shows that they are more likely to accept antiretroviral therapy (ART) if they have trust in the treatment, their physicians and in medical institutions, highlighting...

Plasmid DNA Delivery Of Attenuated Virus Inefficient.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Live-attenuated HIV vaccines based on plasmid DNA or proviral constructs are not yet a promising area of study, researchers in Australia argue. "Delivery...

Scientists Identify New Drug Targets For HIV Infection.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Myriad Genetics, Inc. (MYGN) and the University of Utah have announced the publication of the results of research into molecular mechanisms essential for the lifecycle of the human immunodeficiency...

Three New Patents Covering HIV Immunotherapeutic Agents Issued.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- CEL-SCI Corporation announced September 19, 2001, the issuance of three new U.S. patents, further expanding the patent protection related to its HIV-1 based therapeutic and preventive vaccines. ...

Drug Abusers Often Do Not Initiate Antiretroviral Therapy.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Over 40% of injection drug users with HIV who are eligible for the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) fail to undergo the treatment, according to a study conducted by the Johns Hopkins...

Italian Prevention Guidelines Effective, But Underused.
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - A program for preventing and treating AIDS- and HIV-related tuberculosis in Italy is effective, but physicians and patients need to adhere more stringently to...

Regulator Evaluated In HIV Infected Women.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Clinical investigators from the Institute of Human Virology (IHV) at the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute and the University of Maryland, Baltimore, presented interim data from an ongoing...

Antiviral Peptides Potentially Useful Against STDs.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- In a surprising find, scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have uncovered the antiviral properties of an obscure class of peptides that may someday provide a powerful way to curb the...

Researchers Investigate Effectiveness Of Microbicides Against HIV.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Researchers at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, are addressing important unanswered questions about the effectiveness of proposed topical microbicides that when applied intravaginally would...

Novel Means For Stopping Gene Transcription Found.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Researchers have discovered what is believed to be a novel method in yeast for governing gene expression at the end, rather than the beginning, of transcription, the process of reading DNA to make RNA....

GRI Gets Nearly $1 Million From Gates Foundation.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has received a $950,000 grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop a corporate HIV/AIDS reporting protocol. The grant, which will be...

Atrix Acquires Novel Growth Promoting Peptide.(Brief Article)
October 15, 2001... 2001 OCT 15 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Atrix Laboratories Inc. (ATRX) has exercised an option to license a novel compound, human growth hormone releasing peptide-1 (GHRP-1), from Tulane University Health Sciences Center. Atrix will develop...

Hepatitis G Virus Has Protective Effect.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Patients who are infected with both HIV and the hepatitis G virus fare significantly better than other HIV patients, researchers say. "The flavivirus GB...

Radiation Ineffective For Sterilizing Bone, Tendon Grafts.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Radiation treatment to purge bone and tendon grafts of HIV infection is ineffective at doses that do not damage tissue, researchers in the United States say....

Gender Makes A Difference In Risk Of HIV Transmission.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- In heterosexual couples where one partner is HIV positive, viral load, or the amount of detectable virus in the blood, is a much stronger predictor of the risk of transmission in women than in men,...

Extrapulmonary Infection Can Present Extra Challenges.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - AIDS patients coinfected with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) are likely to have different clinical profiles than patients presenting with pulmonary...

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector Effective.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - A potential HIV vaccine using a modified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vector has shown promise in animal studies, according to researchers in the...

Researchers Identify How AIDS Virus Escapes Cells.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Researchers at the University of Utah and Myriad Genetics, Inc., have found how the AIDS virus usurps a cell's normal machinery to leave one cell and infect others - a discovery that eventually could...

AIDS-Related CMV Retinitis Drug Receives Approval in Europe.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Roche announced that Valcyte received regulatory approval for the treatment of AIDS-related cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in the Netherlands. This decision by the Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board...

GlaxoSmithKline Licenses AIDS Medicine To South African Generic Maker.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- GlaxoSmithKline has granted a generic drug manufacturer a license to produce and market three key AIDS medicines in South Africa, a Glaxo official said. Under the deal, the South African company...

Viral Control After Early Antiretroviral Treatment May Guide Vaccine Research.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Antiretroviral treatment given during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection enables natural viral control after therapy cessation, researchers in...

ViroLogic Enters Agreement With Triangle Pharmaceuticals To Evaluate New HIV Drugs.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- ViroLogic Inc. has signed an agreement with Triangle Pharmaceuticals Inc. to assist in clinical evaluation of new anti-HIV agents in development at Triangle Pharmaceuticals. Triangle Pharmaceuticals...

Researchers Say There Will Be An AIDS Vaccine Within 10 Years.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Researchers are optimistic an AIDS vaccine will be available within 10 years, but it's unlikely to be fully effective against all strains of the virus, a U.S. health expert said. Margaret...

New York Epidemic Linked To Poverty.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Researchers in the United States say that income, more than ethnicity or HIV status, is the key variable public health workers should use to determine where to...

Prominent Physician Named Head Of New South African AIDS Clinic.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- South Africa's newest HIV clinic, a joint effort between American and South African AIDS activists, will be headed by a South African physician with extensive experience in HIV/AIDS treatment. ...

Genotyping Kit Is First DNA Sequence-Based Test For HIV Drug Resistance Testing.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Visible Genetics, Inc. (VGI) received clearance September 26, 2001, from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market its Trugene HIV-1 Genotyping Kit and OpenGene DNA Sequencing System for...

Canarypox-Based Vaccines Trigger (gamma) (delta) T-Cell Activity.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - HIV and other vaccines using canarypox vectors provoke enhanced (gamma) (delta) T-cell responses compared with other vaccines, researchers in Missouri report....

Researchers Discover Possible Trigger For T-Cell Attack.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- How do killer T cells know when to attack virus-infected and cancerous cells and when to retreat? The answer possibly has been provided by Rockefeller University research to be published in the...

New York Baby AIDS Law Is Great Success; All HIV Exposed Babies Identified.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Rates of perinatal HIV transmission continue to drop in New York and nearly all HIV exposed babies born in the state are receiving medical care, according to new data from the New York State Department...

Nucleic Acid Tests For HCV And HIV-1 Get FDA Nod.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved National Genetics Institute's biologics license applications for the UltraQual HCV RT-PCR and UltraQual HIV-1 RT-PCR assays. NGI's UltraQual...

Fighting Asian AIDS Epidemic Will Cost Billions, Says Expert.
October 22, 2001... 2001 OCT 22 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Tackling the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in Asia would require billions of dollars each year for treatment and prevention programs, according to a leading AIDS expert. It would also mean adaptations...