Blood Weekly articles from November 2008

Blood Weekly archives from November 2008

Trauma deaths decline at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center after King-Drew Medical Center's closure.
November 6, 2008... While the 2005 closure of King-Drew Medical Center's Level 1 trauma unit in Los Angeles County caused a 54 percent increase in trauma patients at nearby Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, the deaths among those patients actually declined, according to...

Researchers downplay MRSA screening as effective infection control intervention.
November 6, 2008... Three Virginia Commonwealth University epidemiologists are downplaying the value of mandatory universal nasal screening of patients for MRSA, arguing that proven, hospital-wide infection control practices can prevent more of the potentially...

How to treat pelvic sepsis after stapled hemorrhoidopexy?
November 6, 2008... In the last decade, stapled hemorrhoidopexy has become increasingly popular and is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids grade 3 and 4. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy does not remove the hemorrhoids, but it is rather a strip of mucosa...

New abscess study findings have been published by scientists at Mie University, Medical Department.
November 6, 2008... "Seprafilm (Genzyme Corp., Cambridge, MA) is safe and effective for reducing adhesion formation in abdominal and pelvic surgery. However, the relationships between Seprafilm and postoperative complications, including intra-abdominal abscess...

Celgene Corporation and Acceleron Pharma Initiate Phase 2 Study of ACE-011 in Patients with Multiple Myeloma.
November 6, 2008... Celgene Corporation (NASDAQ:CELG) and Acceleron Pharma, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company developing novel therapeutics that modulate the growth of tissues including bone and muscle, announced the initiation of a Phase 2 clinical study of its...

New dengue fever study findings recently were reported by S. Rajendiran and co-researchers.(Report)
November 6, 2008... "Oxidative stress in dengue infection has been suggested. This study was carried out to explore the plasma protein oxidation and its sialic acid content in dengue infection," scientists in Pondicherry, India report (see also Dengue Fever). ...

New diabetes data have been reported by researchers at University of Tehran.
November 6, 2008... According to a study from Iran, "Management of the septic foot is a challenge in diabetic patients, and this condition often progresses to amputation in an effort to alleviate otherwise incurable infection. We designed and followed a protocol...

Recent findings in drug resistance described by T.P. Lodise and colleagues.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research published in the journal Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, "There is growing concern that vancomycin has diminished activity for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, with vancomycin...

Study results from B. Barnett and colleagues in the area of hemophilia published.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from the United States, "Purpose of review Acquired hemophilia is a rare autoimmune disease that can result in life-threatening bleeding if not treated effectively. Appropriate management requires the urgent...

Data from University of Melbourne provide new insights into hypotension.
November 6, 2008... In this recent report published in the Journal of Critical Care, researchers in Heidelberg, Australia conducted a study "To describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients receiving a medical emergency team (MET) review for the MET...

New non-hodgkin lymphoma study findings recently were published by J. Gerstein and co-researchers.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research published in the journal Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, "A chylothorax is a rare complication of mostly advanced malignant lymphomas. A case of a refractory chylothorax unresponsive to chemotherapy and successfully...

Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc. Reports on FDA Meeting, Next Oxycyte Clinical Trial and Development Direction.
November 6, 2008... Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc. (OTCBB:OXBO) announced that it had a very fruitful and productive scientific meeting with the FDA to discuss the safety and development of Oxycyte(R) in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Oxycyte is the Company's...

Research from A.R.H. Vanzanten and co-researchers yields new findings on pharmacokinetics.
November 6, 2008... "Optimal dosing of antibiotics is important for efficacy and avoidance of resistance. fluoroquinolones are frequently used to treat severe infections in critically ill patients. We studied ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics after administration of...

AdvanDx's PNA FISH(TM) Test Shown to Reduce Mortality by 42% for Patients With Hospital-Acquired Enterococcus faecium Bloodstream Infections.
November 6, 2008... AdvanDx announced that a new medical study demonstrated use of AdvanDx's PNA FISH(TM) test reduced mortality by 42% for patients with highly drug resistant Hospital-Acquired Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infections (BSI's). In addition, the...

Investigators at Washington University zero in on sepsis.
November 6, 2008... In this recent article published in the journal Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, scientists in the United States conducted a study "To develop and evaluate computer algorithms with high negative predictive values that augment...

New sepsis research reported from Hacettepe University, Medical Department.
November 6, 2008... "Endotoxin decreases mesenteric blood flow and inflicts organ injury via free radicals. We investigated whether taurine, an endogenous antioxidant and vasodilator, could attenuate the deleterious effects of endotoxin in a mouse model of...

New sepsis study findings reported from University of Pittsburgh, Medical Department.
November 6, 2008... "Sepsis, endotoxin tolerance. and heat shock (HS) all display down-regulation of innate immunity. We hypothesize that HS factor 1 (HSF-1) induces competitive inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)-induced signal transduction in both...

Research findings from Uppsala University, Biomed Center update understanding of sepsis.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from Uppsala, Sweden, "The ScpC protease of Streptococcus pyogenes degrades interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine that mediates neutrophil transmigration and activation. The ability to degrade IL-8 differs dramatically...

Research on sepsis published by scientists at Innsbruck Medical University.(Report)
November 6, 2008... "Increased blood concentrations of phenylalanine in patients with trauma and sepsis are common but unexplained. We examined the potential relationship between serum concentrations of phenylalanine and the immune activation marker neopterin in...

Researchers from Catholic University report recent findings in sepsis.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from Rome, Italy, "Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains of Escherichia coli are a significant cause of bloodstream infections ( BSI) in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients. We previously...

Researchers from Technical University of Munich report recent findings in sepsis.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, "Gram-negative bacterial infection is a major cause of sepsis and septic shock. An important inducer of inflammation underlying both syndromes is the cellular...

Studies from Rush University describe new findings in sepsis.
November 6, 2008... "Increasing bacterial antimicrobial resistance has prompted physicians to choose broad-spectrum antimicrobials in order to reduce the likelihood of inactive empirical therapy. However, for bacteremic patients already receiving supportive care,...

Studies from B. Bao et al add new findings in the area of sickle cell anemia.(Report)
November 6, 2008... "Zinc deficiency is common in adult sickle-cell disease (SCID) patients. We previously demonstrated that zinc supplementation to adult SCD patients decreased the incidences of infections and hospital admissions," scientists writing in the...

New spermatogenesis findings from Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Medical Department described.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research published in the journal Chemical Research in Toxicology, "Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has recently received a great deal of attention because of its capacity to cause complete remission of acute promyelocytic leukemia...

Researchers at Cornell University, Weill Medical College release new data on acute myeloid leukemia therapy.
November 6, 2008... Fresh data on acute myeloid leukemia are presented in the report 'Arsenic and old lace: novel approaches in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia.' "Arsenic has been used for more than 2,000 years in the treatment of a variety of medical...

Research from Northwestern University, Department of Medicine provide new insights into acute promyelocytic leukemia therapy.(Report)
November 6, 2008... Research findings, 'The expanding role of arsenic in acute promyelocytic leukemia,' are discussed in a new report. According to a study from the United States, "Ten percent to 15% of adults in the United States with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)...

Research from Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine provides new data on cancer therapy.(Report)
November 6, 2008... Investigators publish new data in the report 'Systemic cancer therapy: evolution over the last 60 years.' "The 1940s marked the beginning of an era of important discoveries that contributed to modern concepts underlying the current practice of...

Researchers at Geisinger Medical Center, Department of Dermatology publish new data on community-acquired epidemiology.
November 6, 2008... Researchers detail in 'Handling a community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak: emerging data,' new data in community-acquired. According to a study from the United States, "Community-acquired methicillin-resistant...

New inflammation research reported from St. Joseph's Hospital.
November 6, 2008... Scientists discuss in 'Nicotine administration and withdrawal affect survival in systemic inflammation models' new findings in inflammation. According to recent research from the United States, "How different regimens of nicotine administration...

Reports outline life sciences in children study findings from University of Florence.(Report)
November 6, 2008... Researchers detail in 'Molecular detection methods and serotyping performed directly on clinical samples improve diagnostic sensitivity and reveal increased incidence of invasive disease by Streptococcus pneumoniae in Italian children,' new...

Scientists at Hiroshima University, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine publish research in myelodysplastic syndrome.(Report)
November 6, 2008... Data detailed in 'High frequency of AML1/RUNX1 point mutations in radiation-associated myelodysplastic syndrome around Semipalatinsk nuclear test site' have been presented. "It is known that bone marrow is a sensitive organ to ionizing...

Scientists at University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center publish new data on myelodysplastic syndrome therapy.
November 6, 2008... Fresh data on myelodysplastic syndrome are presented in the report 'Therapeutic advances in leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome over the past 40 years.' "Major therapeutic progress has been accomplished in leukemia and myelodysplastic...

New pharmacodynamics study findings recently were reported by researchers at Tokyo Medical University, First Department of Internal Medicine.(Clinical report)
November 6, 2008... Scientists discuss in 'A safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation of deferasirox (Exjade, ICL670) in patients with transfusion-dependent anemias and iron-overload: a Phase I study in Japan' new findings in pharmacodynamics....

Research on pneumonia clinical trial reported by F.J. Taut et al.
November 6, 2008... A report, 'A Search for subgroups of patients with ARDS who may benefit from surfactant replacement therapy: a pooled analysis of five studies with recombinant surfactant protein-C surfactant (Venticute),' is newly published data in Chest....

Research results from University of the Free State, Department of Internal Medicine update knowledge of sepsis.
November 6, 2008... Current study results from the report, 'Successful treatment of Chromobacterium violaceum sepsis in South Africa,' have been published. According to recent research published in the Journal of Medical Microbiology, "Chromobacterium violaceum...

Researchers from Peking Union Medical College publish findings in thrombocytopenic purpura.(Report)
November 6, 2008... New research, 'Single nucleotide polymorphism in DNMT3B promoter and the risk for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Chinese population,' is the subject of a report. According to recent research from Tianjin, People's Republic of China,...

Peking Union Medical College details research in thrombocytopenic purpura genetics.
November 6, 2008... A report, 'Decreased DNA methyltransferase 3A and 3B mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and increased plasma SAH concentration in adult patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,' is newly published data in Journal of...

Scientists at Cleveland Clinic release new data on tissue banking.
November 6, 2008... A report, 'Musculoskeletal allograft risks and recalls in the United States,' is newly published data in Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. According to recent research from the United States, "There have been several...

Scientists at University of Ulm report research in aging.
November 6, 2008... "Telomere dysfunction limits the proliferative capacity of human cells by activation of DNA damage responses, inducing senescence or apoptosis. In humans, telomere shortening occurs in the vast majority of tissues during aging, and telomere...

Research in the area of aneurysm reported from J. Lenton and colleagues.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from Leeds, the United Kingdom, "An adolescent male sustained a severe penetrating injury to the external iliac artery. Emergency surgical revascularization was with a reversed long saphenous vein interposition...

Study results from Mayo Clinic update understanding of aneurysm.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from the United States, "Hydrophilic coatings on arterial introducer Sheaths reduce the frequency of spasm during cardiac catheterization. Moreover. during treatment of cerebral artery aneurysms, hydrophilic...

Study results from University of Kuopio update understanding of aneurysm.
November 6, 2008... "Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) can be associated with acute global and regional decrease in cerebral perfusion. Furthermore, cerebral vasospasm may lead to development of delayed ischaemic deficits," investigators in Kuopio,...

Study findings from J. Vidmar et al broaden understanding of angiology.(Report)
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from Ljubljana, Slovenia, "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pulmonary emboli obtained ex vivo, verified by immunohistochemistry, showed that platelet layers display brighter signal intensity than areas containing...

Findings from University of Utah advance knowledge in angiotensins.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from the United States, "Genetic variation in the human angiotensinogen gene (AGT) influences plasma AGT concentration and susceptibility to essential hypertension by a mechanism that remains to be clarified. When...

Reports outline angiotensins study results from Virginia Commonwealth University.(Reprint)
November 6, 2008... According to a study from the United States, "Examination of the large-scale drug-versus-drug trials suggests that the initial drug choice is of token importance and that better blood pressure control is the primary determinant of superior...

Research from University of Texas reveals new findings on angiotensins.
November 6, 2008... "Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. The loss of renal function leads to impaired renal autoregulation and renders the kidney vulnerable to the damaging effects of...

Researchers at Yokohama City University, Medical Department target angiotensins.(Report)
November 6, 2008... "We previously cloned a novel molecule interacting with angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor protein (ATRAP) and showed it to be an endogenous inhibitor of Ang II type 1 receptor signaling in cardiovascular cells. In this study, we tested a...

Findings in apoptosis reported from University of Cologne.
November 6, 2008... "Portal vein arterialization is performed in particular situations to guarantee sufficient blood flow in the portal vein. In addition, some authors have postulated a proliferation-promoting influence of portal vein arterialization on the liver...

Research from State University of New York has provided new information about apoptosis.
November 6, 2008... "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis uses a plasmid (pYV)-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) to translocate a set of effectors called Yops into infected host cells. YopJ functions to induce apoptosis, and YopT, YopE, and YopH act to antagonize...

Researchers at McGill University target apoptosis.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from Montreal, Canada, "The carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is downregulated in colonic and intestinal hyperplastic lesions as well as in other cancers, where it functions as a tumor...

Studies from Duke University further understanding of apoptosis.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research published in the journal Molecular and Cellular Biology, "Constitutively active tyrosine kinases promote leukemogenesis by increasing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. However, mechanisms underlying...

Reports outline artificial organs study findings from A. Kinasiewicz and colleagues.
November 6, 2008... According to a study from Warsaw, Poland, "There are different types of membranes used for hepatocyte cultivation. In our studies, spongy polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were examined as a support for hepatic cell cultivation in vitro." ...

Study data from University of Sao Paulo update knowledge of artificial organs.
November 6, 2008... "Generally, quadriplegic individuals have difficulties performing object manipulation. Toward satisfactory manipulation, reach and grasp movements must be performed with voluntary control, and for that, grasp force feedback is essential,"...

Studies from University of Greenwich provide new data on artificial saliva.(Report)
November 6, 2008... "This study examined the release of aluminium and fluoride from restorative materials placed in either deciduous or young permanent immature teeth stored in artificial saliva for 1 month. Cavities were prepared in extracted teeth, then filled...

Study findings on atrial fibrillation are outlined in reports from A. Burashnikov and colleagues.(Report)
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from the United States, "Block of ultrarapid delayed rectified potassium current (I-Kur), present in atria but not in ventricles, is thought to be a promising approach for atrial-specific therapy of atrial...

Data on B-cell lymphoma published by A.M. Maeshima and colleagues.(Report)
November 6, 2008... "Follicular lymphoma (FL) is one of the most common subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and frequently transforms to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). To clarify some aspects of the natural history of FL, we retrospectively examined 43...

Research conducted at Emory University has provided new information about B-cell lymphoma.
November 6, 2008... "Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZL) comprises three related yet biologically distinct subtypes-splenic MZL (SMZL), nodal MZL (NMZL), and extranodal MZL of MALT type (MALT). In cases without adequate morphology, immunophenotypic...

Research from G. Roue and co-researchers in the area of B-cell lymphoma described.
November 6, 2008... "Cyclin D1 is a key regulator of cell proliferation. It also controls other aspects of the cell fate, such as cellular senescence, apoptosis and tumourigenesis," investigators in Barcelona, Spain report (see also B-Cell Lymphoma). "We used...

Research from Stanford University broadens understanding of B-cell lymphoma.
November 6, 2008... "Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (CBCL) are a diverse group of lymphomas that are limited to the skin at the time of diagnosis. Recently, standardized polymerase chain reaction protocols for immunoglobulin (Ig) rearrangement in nodal...

Researchers from University of Michigan detail new studies and findings in the area of biomedicine.
November 6, 2008... "Because their etiologies and pathogenesis are poorly understood, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are difficult to diagnose and manage. All current approaches to treatments of TMJ diseases are largely palliative," scientists in the...

Research results from Yonsei University, Medical Department update knowledge of biopsy.
November 6, 2008... "Little information is available regarding renal histology in cases of chronic allograft dysfunction and graft failure in patients with recurrent immunoglobulin A nephropathy. We compared 57 renal allograft biopsies of 44 patients with...

New research on blood pressure from V. Papaioannou and co-authors summarized.
November 6, 2008... According to a study from Thessaloniki, Greece, "The Purpose of the study was to investigate longitudinally over time heart rate (FIR) and blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity in acute brain injury patients and relate them with...

Research reports on blood pressure from A.C. Dacostagoncalves and colleagues provide new insights.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from Berlin, Germany, "Spinophilin controls intensity/duration of G protein-coupled receptor signaling and thereby influences synaptic activity. We hypothesize that spinophilin affects blood pressure through central...

Studies from University of Bristol update current data on blood pressure.
November 6, 2008... "There is a consistent inverse association between birth weight and systolic blood pressure; however, few studies have been able to examine the immediate postnatal period. We have examined whether accelerated postnatal growth predicts adult...

Study findings from M.G. Myers et al provide new insights into blood pressure.
November 6, 2008... "During the past 15 years, clinical outcome studies have consistently reported that home and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure recordings provide a significantly better measure of cardiovascular risk than do manual blood pressure readings taken...

New bone cysts study findings have been reported from A.D. Sung et al.
November 6, 2008... "Between 1979 and 2004, 167 patients younger than 20 years were treated surgically for humeral or femoral unicameral bone cysts with either injection of corticosteroids (steroids), curettage plus bone grafting (curettage), or a combination...

Findings from S. Okazaki and co-authors provide new insights into bone marrow.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research published in the journal Stem Cells and Development, "Previously, we have shown that liver allografts obtained from the fetus or young mice are accepted when bone marrow cells (BMCs) from adult mice of the same...

Studies from Medical College of Wisconsin, Medical College add new findings in the area of bone marrow.
November 6, 2008... "Adenosine is formed in injured/ischemic tissues, where it suppresses the actions of essentially all cells of the immune system. Most of the anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine have been attributed to signaling through the G(s)...

Findings from Chosun University broaden understanding of bone research.(Report)
November 6, 2008... "New bone formation around US III OSSTGM implants after early and immediate loading was evaluated in this study. Three premolars and the first and second molars were first removed from the left mandible of five dogs," scientists writing in the...

New bone research reported from University of Bergen.(Report)
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from Bergen, Norway, "The objective of this study was to radiographically evaluate the potential of a purpose-designed titanium porous-oxide implant surface coated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7...

New bone research study findings have been reported by P. Dann and colleagues.
November 6, 2008... "Genetically altered mice are an important tool for use in biomedical research. Several transgenic mice have been created whereby activation of the transgene results in the production of beta-galactosidase, which can be detected with the use of...

New findings from University of Bonn in the area of bone research described.
November 6, 2008... "Bone substitute biomaterials may be osteogenic, osteoconductive or osteoinductive. To test for these probable characteristics in a new nanoporous grafting material consisting of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite embedded in a porous silica gel...

Research reports on bone research from University of Rostock provide new insights.
November 6, 2008... "In an initial preliminary study, the applicability of a new high-porosity hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic for obliterating large open mastoid cavities was proven and tested in an animal model (bulla of guinea pig). Experimental study. NanoBone, a...

Researchers from Toyama University describe findings in bone research.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from Toyama, Japan, "Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in bone marrow are important for bone homeostasis. Although platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been reported to be involved in osteogenic differentiation...

Study findings from University of Bergen broaden understanding of bone research.(Report)
November 6, 2008... "Effective carrier technologies and dosing appear critical for the successful use of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). This study evaluated radiographically the potential of a purpose-designed titanium porous-oxide implant surface combined...

Scientists at Children's Hospital target Burkitt lymphoma.
November 6, 2008... "The p53 tumor suppressor pathway limits oncogenesis by inducing cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. A key p53 target gene is PUMA, which encodes a BH3-only proapoptotic protein," investigators in the United States report (see also Burkitt...

Studies from University of Toronto yield new data on cancer.
November 6, 2008... According to a study from Toronto, Canada, "DNA copy number variations (CNVs) are a significant and ubiquitous source of inherited human genetic variation. However, the importance of CNVs to cancer susceptibility and tumor progression has not...

New cardiology study findings reported from C. Lombardi and co-authors.
November 6, 2008... "Sleep-related breathing disorders are common causes of excessive daytime sleepiness, a socially and clinically relevant problem. Mechanisms responsible for daytime sleepiness are still largely unknown," scientists in Milan, Italy report (see...

Data on cell therapy discussed by researchers at University of Tokyo, Cell Therapy Center.
November 6, 2008... "Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could potentially compensate for the lack of blood platelets available for use in transfusions. Here, we describe a new method for generating mouse ESC-derived platelets (ESPs) that can contribute to hemostasis in...

University of Otago publishes research in cerebral blood flow.(Report)
November 6, 2008... "It is known that cerebral blood flow declines with age in sedentary adults, although previous studies have involved small sample sizes, making the exact estimate of decline imprecise and the effects of possible moderator variables unknown....

Studies from E.C. Fricshamji and co-authors have provided new information about cerebral hemorrhage.
November 6, 2008... "To determine whether there are modifiable risk factors for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in patients receiving oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy. Retrospective chart review between January 2002 and December 2004," investigators in the...

Research from Nara Medical University provides new data about chemoembolization.(Report)
November 6, 2008... "The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacological advantages of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with cisplatin powder for hypervascular hepatic tumors in animal experiments. VX2 tumors were transplanted to the livers of...

Scientists at University of Pittsburgh publish new data on chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from the United States, "Cytogenetic fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) panels are a major prognostic tool in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), but few data exist on using...

Findings from M.P. Jauregui and co-researchers advance knowledge in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
November 6, 2008... According to recent research from the United States, "The goal of the current study is to evaluate the role of beta-catenin in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Expression of beta-catenin was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in...