Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists articles from November 1993

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists archives from November 1993

Messy, but useful. (influence of economic sanctions) (Editorial)
November 1, 1993... In late September, Nelson Mandela, the leader of the African National Congrees, stood before delegate to the United Nations and said that the time had come for the nation of the world to end economic sanctions against South Africa. Apratheid...

Spatial relations. (United States and Russia cooperate on space policy)
November 1, 1993... The rush to space began in 1957, when the Soviet Union launched its first Sputnik. With a competiveness that Michael Jordan would have admired, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration set out to do anything the Soviets did--but...

Plugging the nuclear pipeline. (Leybold AG refuses to supply arms parts to countries that did not sign nuclear nonproliferation treaty)
November 1, 1993... India will have to do without a vacuum are melting furnace it ordered, and Israel's Atomic Energy Commission won't be getting spare parts for some 100 vacuum pumps it has purchased over the past 20 years. That's the nasty shock that Isreal...

The view from Kiev. (fight between Russia and Ukraine over control of Black Sea Fleet)
November 1, 1993... For two years Ukraine has played the coquette--first embracing, then disclaiming the Black Sea Fleet. All the while, Russia's plan to capture the ships and the naval base at Sevastopol has resembled that of a stalker who has studied his...

The view from Moscow. (Russian control of Black Sea Fleet)
November 1, 1993... The markets in Moscow this past summer were filled with peasant farmers from Ukraine who ventured to the Russian captial to sell their products. Until this year, Ukrainian farmers were always able to sell their entire harvests at home. But...

Westward ho! (illegal immigrants in Ukraine)
November 1, 1993... During Gorbachevhs perestroika, enterprising individuals began to advise illegal channels for moving merchandise from the Soviet Union to Poland, Romania, and Hungary. "Designated" buses and cars didn't have to go through customs at all, and...

Bottoms up. (Department of Defense budget and policy review)
November 1, 1993... For months, Defense Secretary Les Aspin has been touting the Pentagon's ongoing reevaluation of the dangers this country's faces and the forces needed to deal with those dangers. The reevaluation--the "Bottom Up Review," as it was dubbed--was...

Sanctions: do they work? (economic sanctions) (Cover Story)
November 1, 1993... Economic sanctions have been used by nations to coerce other nations for many years. From the Seven Years War in the eithteenth century through World War I, nations learned that boycotts and other restaurants on trade could be powerful...

Squeezing apartheid. (economic sanctions against South Africa) (Special Issue: Sanctions, Do They Work?) (Cover Story)
November 1, 1993... Although slow, sanctions have been a potent force for South African liberation. In 1959, albert Luthuli, then president of the African National Congress, urged the international community to impose an economic boycott of South Africa to...

Haiti and the halfhearted. (economic sanctions against Haiti) (Special Issue: Sanctions, Do They Work?) (Cover Story)
November 1, 1993... No one took the OAS-imposed sanctions very seriously. After 29 years of dictatorship, Haiti embraced its first freely elected president in 1990. But the man chosen in that venture toward democracy, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, was ousted in...

Yugoslavia: divide and fail. (economic sanctions in Bosnia and former Yugoslavia) (Special Issue: Sanctions, Do They Work?) (Cover Story)
November 1, 1993... The disintegration of Yugoslavia and the subsequent wars over the territory and borders of new states has posed a major challenge to the available instruments of the international community. Unwilling to use military force, the Western powers...

Saying da, saying nyet. (Russian participation in United Nations sanctions) (Special Issue: Sanctions, Do They Work?) (Cover Story)
November 1, 1993... Russia will probably go along with U.N.-imposed sanctions, but it needs to develop and articulate its own guidelines as well. U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali's idea--that in the post-Cold War era, the United Nations may want to...

A look at the record. (effectiveness of economic sanctions) (Special Issue: Sanctions, Do They Work?) (Cover Story)
November 1, 1993... Sanctions work--if imposed by a major power against a much weaker, unstable, and economically dependent foe with no friends among the rival powers. The United States has been the principal user of economic sanctions since 1945, wielding...

Think small. (political statement of economic sanctions) (Special Issue: Sanctions, Do They Work?) (Cover Story)
November 1, 1993... Sanctions may achieve only symbolic goals, but symbols can be important. When one nation imposes sanctions on another; it often does so because it has few other policy options. The target nation usually has committed an unacceptable act...

Unintended consequences. (economic sanctions' effect on poor) (Special Issue: Sanctions, Do They Work?) (Cover Story)
November 1, 1993... Nuclear weapons were the weapon of choice for the superpowers during the Cold War; economic sanctions seem to be the weapon of choice for the United Nations in its aftermath. Economic coercion is nothing new, nor is the debate over the...

Organizing the chaos. (United Nations should make peacekeeping and sanctions council) (Special Issue: Sanctions, Do They Work?) (Cover Story)
November 1, 1993... As the world economy has become more interconnected, the likelihood that any one nation can successfully apply economic sanctions has diminished. There are simply too many alternative trading partners for sanctioned nations, and too many ways...

Nonproliferation and the National Interest: America's Response to the Spread of Nuclear Weapons.
November 1, 1993... While working on nuclear proliferation issues for the House Foreign Affairs Committee some years ago, I traveled to France on a fact-finding trip. At one of my first stops, the U.S. embassy in Paris, I talked with the science attache. What...

Arms Control by Committee: Managing Negotiations with the Russians.
November 1, 1993... George Bunn was present at the creation of nuclear arms control negotiations, serving as the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's (ACDA) general counsel and chief congressional liaison for the Partial Test Ban (PTBT) and Nuclear...

Still going. (continued use of United States nuclear submarines) (Column)
November 1, 1993... Data newly released under the Freedom of Information Act shows that the amount of time U.S. strategic ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) spend at sea--the "patrol rate"--continues at Cold War levels. Although the navy has reduced its SSBN...