Annual Review of Microbiology articles from January 1 2001

Annual Review of Microbiology archives from January 1 2001

Learning to Fly Fish.
January 1, 2001... The wayfarer Perceiving the pathway to truth Was struck with astonishment. It was thickly grown with weeds. "Ha", he said, "I see that none has passed here In a long time." Later he saw that each weed Was a...

Roles of Thiol-Redox Pathways in Bacteria.(escherichia coli)
January 1, 2001... Key Words Eseherichia coli, thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, disulfide bond, oxidative stress Abstract Disulfide bonds in proteins play various important roles. They are either formed as structural features to stabilize the protein or are...

Bacterial Gliding Motility: Multiple Mechanisms for Cell Movement over Surfaces.
January 1, 2001... Key Words twitching, type IV pilus, Myxococcus, Flavobacterium, Mycoplasma * Abstract The mechanisms responsible for bacterial gliding motility have been a mystery for almost 200 years. Gliding bacteria move actively over surfaces by a...

Toxic Shock Syndrome and Bacterial Superantigens: An Update.(Statistical Data Included)
January 1, 2001... Key Words Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, hypotension, T cell stimulation Abstract Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute onset illness characterized by fever, rash formation, and hypotension that can lead to multiple...

Big Bacteria.(size and volume of the largest prokaryotes)
January 1, 2001... Key Words prokaryote cell size, diffusion, diffusive boundary layer, chemotaxis, sulfide oxidizing bacteria * Abstract A small number of prokaryotic species have a unique physiology or ecology related to their development of unusually...

Nonreplicating Persistence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (*).
January 1, 2001... Lawrence G. Wayne (1,2) Charles D. Sohaskey (1) Key Words dormancy, latency, stationary * Abstract There is ample clinical evidence, as well as evidence from animal experiments, that Mycobacterium tuberculosis can persist in...

Quorum Sensing in Bacteria.
January 1, 2001... Key Words autoinducer, homoserine lactone, two-component system, cell-cell communication, virulence * Abstract Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing...

Advances in the Bacteriology of the Coliform Group: Their Suitability as Markers of Microbial Water Safety.(Statistical Data Included)
January 1, 2001... H. Leclerc (1) D.A.A. Mossel (2) S.C. Edberg (3) C.B. Struijk (2) Key Words public health concerns, ecology of coliforms, taxonomy of enterobacteria, psychrotrophic coliforms, DNA-DNA hybridization * Abstract Advances...

Biological Weapons--A Primer for Microbiologists (1).
January 1, 2001... Robert J. Hawley (1) Edward M. Eitzen Jr. (2) Key Words personal protection, incident response, decontamination * Abstract Biological weapons are not new. Biological agents have been used as instruments of warfare and terror for...

Viruses and Interferons.
January 1, 2001... Key Words antiviral effects, double-stranded RNA, interferon-induced proteins, transcriptional regulation, Jak-STAT pathway * Abstract The interferon system is the first line of defense against viral infection in mammals. This system is...

Phages of Dairy Bacteria.
January 1, 2001... Key Words bacteriophages, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, genomics * Abstract Bacteriophages of lactic acid bacteria are a threat to industrial milk fermentation. Owing to their economical importance, dairy phages became the...

Bacterial Fatty Acid Biosynthesis: Targets for Antibacterial Drug Discovery.
January 1, 2001... John W. Campbell (1) John E. Cronan Jr. (1,2) Key Words triclosan, cerulenin, thiolactomycin, isoniazid, diazoborine * Abstract The increase in drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria has created an urgent demand for new antibiotics....

Novel Thiols of Prokaryotes.
January 1, 2001... Key Words glutathione amide, coenzyme M, coenzyme B, mycothiol, ergothioneine * Abstract Glutathione metabolism is associated with oxygenic cyanobacteria and the oxygen-utilizing purple bacteria, but is absent in many other prokaryotes....

A community of Ants, Fungi, and Bacteria: A Multilateral Approach to Studying Symbiosis.
January 1, 2001... Key Words actinomycetes, antibiotics, coevolution, fungus-growing ants, mutualism * Abstract The ancient and highly evolved mutualism between fungus-growing ants and their fungi is a textbook example of symbiosis. The ants carefully tend...

Homology-Dependent Gene Silencing Mechanisms In Fungi.
January 1, 2001... Key Words epigenetics, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, quelling, RNAi * Abstract Homology-dependent gene silencing (HDGS) is a ubiquitous phenomenon among fungi, plants, and animals. Gene silencing can be triggered and can affect...

Interaction of Bacterial Pathogens with Polarized Epithelium.
January 1, 2001... B.I. Kazmierczak (1) K. Mostov (2) J.N. Engel (3) Key Words bacterial pathogenesis, cell polarity, invasion, virulence, apical, basolateral * Abstract Many pathogens must surmount an epithelial cell barrier in order to...

Bacteriophage Therapy.
January 1, 2001... Key Words dysentery, resistance, d'Herelle, prophylaxis, infection * Abstract In 1917, bacteriophages were recognized as epizootic infections of bacteria and were almost immediately deployed for antibacterial therapy and prophylaxis. The...

Molecular Aspects of Parasite-Vector and Vector-Host Interactions in Leishmaniasis (1).
January 1, 2001... Key Words sand flies, vector biology, lipophosphoglycan, saliva * Abstract Leishmania-sand fly interactions are reviewed in the context of the potential barriers to the complete development of the parasite that exist within the midgut...

Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria: A Model for Molecular Microbial Ecology.
January 1, 2001... George A. Kowalchuk (1) John R. Stephen (2) Key Words nitrification, ammonia oxidation, Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, [beta]-subclass Proteobacteria * Abstract The eutrophication of many ecosystems in recent decades has led to an...

Immune Checkpoints in Viral Latency.
January 1, 2001... Stella Redpath (1,3) Ana Angulo (1,2) Nicholas R.J. Gascoigne (1) Peter Ghazal (1,2) Key Words herpesvirus, HIV, T-cell memory, immune thresholds, immune evasion * Abstract The dynamics of the relationship between the...

Recombination and the Population Structures of Bacterial Pathogens.
January 1, 2001... Edward J. Feil (1) Brian G. Spratt (2) Key Words linkage disequilibrium, clonal diversification, phylogenetic signal, multilocus sequence typing, recombination rates * Abstract The population structures of bacterial species are...

Periplasmic Stress and ECF Sigma Factors.
January 1, 2001... Key Words envelope stress, protein folding, signal transduction * Abstract Envelope stress responses play important pysiological roles in a variety of processes, including protein folding, cell wall biosynthesis, and pathogenesis. Many of...

Hydrophobins: Multipurpose Proteins.
January 1, 2001... Han A.B. Wosten (*) Key Words fungi, aerial growth, fungal development, differentiation * Abstract Class I and class II hydrophobins are small secreted fungal proteins that play a role in a broad range of processes in the growth and...

Anthrax.
January 1, 2001... Key Words Bacillus cereus group, virulence, toxin, peptide capsule, spore * Abstract Bacillus anthracis was shown to be the etiological agent of anthrax by R. Koch and L. Pasteur at the end of the nineteenth century. The concepts on...

Antigenic Variation at the Infected Red Cell Surface in Malaria.
January 1, 2001... Key Words Plasmodium falciparum, PfEMP-1, cytoadherence, sequestration, var * Abstract Many pathogens that either rely on an insect vector to complete their life cycle (e.g., Trypanosoma spp. and Borrelia spp.) or exist in a unique...

Horizontal Gene Transfer in Prokaryotes: Quantification and Classification (1).(Statistical Data Included)
January 1, 2001... Eugene V. Koonin (1) Kira S. Makarova (1,2) L. Aravind (1) Key Words phylogenetic analysis, gene acquisition, gene displacement, adaptation, orthologs * Abstract Comparative analysis of bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic...

Aspects of Fungal Pathogenesis in Humans.
January 1, 2001... Jo-Anne H. van Burik (1) Paul T. Magee (2) Key Words virulence factors, primary fungal pathogens, opportunistic fungal pathogens, mucosal fungal infections, systemic fungal infections * Abstract Fungal diseases have become...