Annual Review of Microbiology articles from January 1 2000

Annual Review of Microbiology archives from January 1 2000

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF A CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGIST.
January 1, 2000... PROLOGUE With the publication of this volume, there will have been 54 volumes of Annual Review of Microbiology (ARM) published, with at least 53 prefatory chapters. The custom of the editors and publisher of ARM has been to extend an...

ROLE OF CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES IN EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS-ASSOCIATED DISEASES.
January 1, 2000... Key Words latency, lymphoma, immumodulation, epitope, immune escape, immunotherapy * Abstract Adaptation of persistent infection within the cells of the immune system is a unique characteristic of gamma herpes viruses. A classic example...

BIOFILM FORMATION AS MICROBIAL DEVELOPMENT.
January 1, 2000... George O'Toole [1] Heidi B. Kaplan [2] Roberto Kolter [3] Key Words communities, life cycle, fungi, bacteria, environment, surface * Abstract Biofilms can be defined as communities of microorganisms attached to a surface....

MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF DRINKING WATER.
January 1, 2000... U. Szewzyk, [1] R. Szewzyk, [2] W. Manz, [1] K.H. Schleifer [3] Key Words water bacteria, parasites, viruses, emerging pathogens, biofilms, risk assessment, microbial ecology * Abstract Emerging pathogens in drinking...

THE ADAPTATIVE MECHANISMS OF TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI FOR STEROL HOMEOSTASIS IN ITS DIFFERENT LIFE- CYCLE ENVIRONMENTS.
January 1, 2000... I. Coppens [1] P.J. Courtoy [2] Key Words trypanosome, lipid supply, LDL receptor, invariant surface antigens * Abstract Bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei do not synthesize sterols de novo and therefore cannot survive in...

THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC TOOLS FOR DISSECTING THE BIOLOGY OF MALARIA PARASITES.
January 1, 2000... Waters, Andrew P. Key Words Plasmodium, genetic system, transfection, gene targeting, transgene expression * Abstract Plasmodium parasites are haploid unicellular organisms that cause malaria. In the last decade, transfection systems...

NUCLEIC ACID TRANSPORT IN PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS: The Molecules That Walk Through the Walls.
January 1, 2000... Key Words plant viruses, plasmodesmata, cell-to-cell movement, Agrobacterium, nuclear import, T-DNA integration * Abstract Many microbes "genetically invade" plants by introducing DNA or RNA molecules into the host cells. For example,...

PHYTOPLASMA: Phytopathogenic Mollicutes [*].
January 1, 2000... Robert E. Davis [1] Dawn E. Gundersen-Rindal [2] Ing-Ming Lee [1] Key Words mycoplasmalike organisms, Candidatus phytoplasma species, phylogeny, classification, taxonomy, unculturable, ribosomal RNA * Abstract During the...

ROOT NODULATION AND INFECTION FACTORS PRODUCED BY RHIZOBIAL BACTERIA.
January 1, 2000... Key Words host specificity, plant-microbe interactions, glycobiology, carbohydrate signal molecules, Nod factors * Abstract Rhizobia are soil bacteria that can engage in a symbiosis with leguminous plants that produces nitrogen-fixing...

ALGINATE LYASE: Review of Major Sources and Enzyme Characteristics, Structure-Function Analysis, Biological Roles, and Applications.
January 1, 2000... Key Words mannuronate lyase, guluronate lyase, conserved motifs, substrate-binding sites * Abstract Alginatelyases, characterized as either mannuronate (EC 4.2.2.3) or guluronate lyases (EC 4.2.2.11), catalyze the degradation of...

INTERIM REPORT ON GENOMICS OF ESCHERICHIA CoLI.
January 1, 2000... Key Words E. coli, horizontal transfer, multiple enzymes, sequence similarities * Abstract We present a summary of recent progress in understanding Escherichia coil K-12 gene and protein functions. New information has come both from...

ORAL MICROBIAL. COMMUNITIES: Biofilms, Interactions, and Genetic Systems [1].
January 1, 2000... Key Words spatial organization, oral bacteria genetic systems, communication, bacterial cell interactions * Abstract Oral microbial-plaque communities are biofilms composed of numerous genetically distinct types of bacteria that live in...

ROLES OF THE GLUTATHIONE- AND THIOREDOXIN-DEPENDENT REDUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE RESPONSES TO OXIDATIVE STRESS.
January 1, 2000... Key Words glutaredoxin, reductase, peroxidase, OxyR, SoxR, YAP1 * Abstract The glutathione- and thioredoxin-dependent reduction systems are responsible for maintaining the reduced environment of the Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces...

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MOLECULAR GENETICS OF CANDIDA ALBICANS.
January 1, 2000... Marianne D. De Backer [1] Paul T. Magee [2] Jesus Pla [3] Key Words genetics, genome, gene function, gene manipulation, expression * Abstract The frequency of opportunistic infections caused by the fungus Candida albicans...

FUNCTIONAL MODULATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI RNA POLYMERASE.
January 1, 2000... Key Words transcription apparatus, sigma factor, transcription factor, stationary phase Abstract The promoter recognition specificity of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is modulated by replacement of the subunit in the first step and by...

BACTERIAL VIRULENCE GENE REGULATION: An Evolutionary perspective.
January 1, 2000... Key Words bacterial pathogenesis, evolution, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, Bordetella * Abstract Coevolution between bacteria and their plant or animal hosts determines characteristics of the interaction, the bacterial virulence genes...

LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA PATHOGENESIS: A Fateful Journey from Amoebae to Macrophages.
January 1, 2000... Key Words stringent response, phagosome-lysosome fusion, virulence regulation, intracellular pathogen, opportunistic * Abstract Legionella pneumophila first commanded attention in 1976, when investigators from the Centers for Disease...

THE DISEASE SPECTRUM OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI: The Immunopathogenesis of Gastroduodenal Ulcer and Gastric Cancer.
January 1, 2000... Key Words stomach, epidemiology, mucosal immunity * Abstract Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that resides under microaerobic conditions in a neutral microenvironment between the mucus and the superficial epithelium of the...

PATHOGENICITY ISLANDS AND THE EVOLUTION OF MICROBES.
January 1, 2000... Key Words gene transfer, virulence, genome structure, plasmid, bacteriophage * Abstract Virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria (adhesins, toxins, invasins, protein secretion systems, iron uptake systems, and others) may be encoded by...

DNA SEGREGATION IN BACTERIA.
January 1, 2000... Key Words chromosome, plasmid, partition, cellular localization * Abstract Segregation of DNA in bacterial cells is an efficient process that assures that every daughter cell receives a copy of genomic and plasmid DNA. In this review, we...

POLYPHOSPHATE AND PHOSPHATE PUMP.
January 1, 2000... Key Words inorganic polyphosphates, functions, transport, enzymes, metabolism * Abstract In microbial cells, inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) plays a significant role in increasing cell resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions...

ASSEMBLY AND FUNCTION OF TYPE III SECRETORY SYSTEMS.
January 1, 2000... Guy R. Cornelis [1] Frederique Van Gijsegem [2] Key Words microbial pathogenesis, plant pathogens, secretion, translocation, effector, hypersensitive response * Abstract Type III secretion systems allow Yersinia spp., Salmonella...

PROTEINS SHARED BY THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION MACHINES.
January 1, 2000... Key Words Nus factors, ribosomal proteins, TRAP protein, lambda N protein * Abstract It is becoming increasingly clear that the complex machines involved in transcription and translation, the two major activities leading to gene...

HOLINS: The Protein Clocks of Bacteriophage Infections.
January 1, 2000... Ing-Nang Wang [1] David L. Smith [2] Ry Young [1] Key Words lysis, endolysins, membranes, peptidoglycan * Abstract Two proteins, an endolysin and a holin, are essential for host lysis by bacteriophage. Endolysin is the term...

OXYGEN RESPIRATION BY DESULFOVIBRIO SPECIES [1].
January 1, 2000... * Abstract Throughout the first 90 years after their discovery, sulfate-reducing bacteria were thought to be strict anaerobes. During the last 15 years, however, it has turned out that they have manifold properties that enable them to cope...

REGULATION OF CARBON CATABOLISM IN BACILLUS SPECIES.
January 1, 2000... Key Words catabolite repression, induction, glycolysis, phosphotransferase system * Abstract The gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is capable of using numerous carbohydrates as single sources of carbon and energy. In this review,...

IRON METABOLISM IN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA.
January 1, 2000... Colin Ratledeg [1] Lynn G Dover [2] Key Words ferric uptake regulation (Fur) proteins, host responses, siderophores, transferrin, transport * Abstract The ability of pathogens to obtain iron from transferrins, ferritin,...