Finance & Development articles from March 1989

Finance & Development archives from March 1989

The design of trade liberalization. (includes related article on trade liberalization)
March 1, 1989... A long-term review of 19 countries yields Policy Prescriptions for successful implementation of liberalization policies It is by now quite commonly accepted that a liberal trade regime is superior to a highly restrictive one in producing...

The Uruguay round: revitalizing the global trading system (includes related article on issues in group of negotiations on goods).
March 1, 1989... Governments seek common ground for further trade liberalization; a review of progress to date The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), custodian of the multilateral trading system based on equal treatment of trading partners, has...

Agricultural trade policies of industrial countries. (includes related article on subsidized grain)
March 1, 1989... In recent years the agricultural support policies of the industrial countries have come under increased scrutiny because of their rising costs, distortionary effects on prices and trade, misallocation of resources, and contribution to large...

Nontariff barriers of developed countries, 1966-86. (includes related article on nontariff barriers)
March 1, 1989... The steady growth of NTBs may have offset some of the gains from removal oftariffs through multilateral negotiations. A quantitative analysis multilateral negotiations. A quantitative analysis A major accomplishment of the first seven...

Industrial policies of industrial countries.
March 1, 1989... Often pursued for political and social reasons, many of these policies impose significant economic costs on both the industrial and developing countries economic costs on both industrial and developing countries Government aid to...

Exchange rate arrangements and monetary policy.
March 1, 1989... A review of the relationships, illustrated by recent experience in Asia and the Pacific In recent years many countries have relied on monetary policy to offset external and domestic cyclical shocks and to contain secular inflation,...

Misconceptions about the value-added tax.
March 1, 1989... As a source of revenue, the tax has many attractions . But some aspects of it are not well understood A value-added tax (VAT) is a sales tax, whose burden falls, in principle, only on final consumers. VAT is collected as a proportion of the...

Experience with policy reforms under adjustment.
March 1, 1989... How well have adjustment programs been working? In the 1980s the task of adjustment has become more difficult as conditions in the internional economic environmnt have worsened. For most developing countries the terms of trade deteriorated...

Policy implementation under adjustment lending.
March 1, 1989... It is eight years since the Bank began lending for structural adjustment. A review of the experience so far Between 1980 and 1987, 51 countries received one or more Structural Adjustment Loans (SALS) or Sectoral Adjustment Loans...

Expenditure reductions in high-debt countries.
March 1, 1989... Faced with the need to make adjustments, many highly indebted countries reduced government expenditures. The period 1978-84 was one of considerable turmoil in the international economy Sharply rising oil prices during 1979-80, which resulted in...

Growth-oriented adjustment: Spain in the 1980s.
March 1, 1989... Coping with external shocks and removing domestic distortions. The successful Spanish experience The early 1980s found the Spanish economy in the midst of a severe economic crisis, both in terms of the magnitude of the underlying...

Reforming transport policy.
March 1, 1989... Lessons from Bank experience and a framework for implementing transport policy reform The policy components of Bank operations have received increasing attention in recent years. More and more lending operations have policy reforms as...

Managing agricultural development in Africa.
March 1, 1989... Lessons of mcpetience for governments and aid donors Throughout most of Sub-saharan Africa, agriculture is in crisis. Frequent droughts, growing expenditures on food imports, and faffing export eaniings have been cutting into fiving standards...