Finance & Development articles from June 1989

Finance & Development archives from June 1989

Reviving growth in Latin America. (includes related article on Chile, Mexico, Uruguay, Argentina, and Venezuela)
June 1, 1989... Seven years into the debt crisis, per capita income in most of Latin America continues to stagnate. In many countries, particularly the petroleum exporters, it has declined. Almost throughout the continent, real wages are lower than at the...

Africa's adjustment and growth.
June 1, 1989... Sub-Saharan Africa, on the whole, is often seen with despair as a continent in unrelenting decline. Its agricultural growth has been weak. Its earnings from exports, its terms of trade, and its capacity to import have declined precipitously in...

The debt problem of Sub-Saharan Africa.
June 1, 1989... During the last few Years, the external debt problem facing the Sub-Saharan African countries has received increasing attention. Most of the external debt of these countries is owed to governments and international organizations (see table)...

Technological change in industry in developing countries.
June 1, 1989... Technological change in industry has speeded up in the last few years. Five key trends are noticeable. So far these trends are most evident in the industrialized countries, and to a lesser extent in the more advanced developing countries. But...

The evolving role of IDA. (International Development Association) (include related article on IDA)
June 1, 1989... Work is in progress on the negotiation of the Ninth Replenishment of IDA (IDA9), under which donors will pledge resources for a three year period beginning in the Bank's fiscal Year 1991 (see box on IDA9). The International Development...

Management of interest rate risk by LDCs. (less-developed countries) (include related article on glossary of terms)
June 1, 1989... A notable characteristic of the past ten years has been the historicallY high volatilitY of short-term international interest rates. For example, the six-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) fell from 18 percent in 1981 to 9 percent in...

Improving the Bank's loan currency pool. (World Bank)
June 1, 1989... Over the past few years, the impact of exchange rate movements on the World Bank and its borrowers has prompted the Bank to improve the way it manages its currencies and thereby help its borrowing members better manage their liabilities. The...

Commodity prices and inflation.
June 1, 1989... By most measures, the prices of primary Commodities-such as food, fibers, other agricultural products, and metals-have declined throughout much of the 1980s. For some two Years beginning in mid-1984 the declines were especially dramatic. During...

The case for open foreign exchange systems.
June 1, 1989... Governments manage and intervene in foreign exchange systems in essentially two waYs: (1) by pegging or managing the exchange rate, as opposed to allowing it to float (be set by the market); and (2) by imPosing restrictions or taxes and...

Export processing zones and trade policy.
June 1, 1989... Since the mid-1960s, many developing countries have initiated policies designed to stimulate exports of nontraditional manufactured goods. One form of such export promotion efforts has been the establishment of export processing zones (EPZs)....

The common agricultural policy of the EC. (European Community)
June 1, 1989... The European Community (EC) as a group is the leading importer and the second largest exporter of agricultural commodities in the world. The Community's share of world exports is not only large, but has grown since the inception of the Common...

Europe 1992. (economic integration)
June 1, 1989... The idea of a single, integrated Market among the member states of the European Community (EC) by 1992 is not a new one; it was originally envisaged in the Treaty of Paris in 1951 and in the Treaties of Rome in 1958. Since that time, substantial...

Women in development: Kenya's experience. (include related article on rural women and social change)
June 1, 1989... Women's contribution to economic progress is increasingly acknowledged throughout the world. Yet in many societies their control over their own fives remains relatively limited. For historical and practical reasons, they are still at a...

Urban labor markets in developing countries.
June 1, 1989... Economic growth and the distribution of it benefits depend on how well the labor market mobilizes human resources and allocates them among new activities, locations, an skills. Since the early 1970s, most studies the urban economies of...