Finance & Development articles from December 1989

Finance & Development archives from December 1989

Development and the environment: a global balance.
December 1, 1989... The human family, in its quest for change, engages in activities that can go on forever. The environment is finite. This disparity creates the environmental challenge: the critical need to reconcile a potential conflict between human effort and...

Evolution of the World Bank's environmental policy.
December 1, 1989... In recent years, environmental degradation has become a matter of central concern for both developing and industrialized countries. The evidence is increasing that sound environmental management-far from being a luxury-is an essential...

IMF quotas: a briefing. (International Monetary Fund)
December 1, 1989... As the IMF prepares to complete its Ninth General Review of Quotas by the end of 1989-a move that may enlarge the capital base of the institution and thereby increase the amount of financial assistance it can extend to its members from its own...

The role of central banks.
December 1, 1989... In recent years, efforts have been underway in a number of countries to strengthen the hand of their central banks. This reflects a growing recognition in many countries of the important contribution an effective central bank can make to...

Problems of bank supervision in LDCs. (lesser developed countries)
December 1, 1989... Increasing emphasis has been given to improving and strengthening the SuPervision of banks in developing countries. This is primarily because of the shift in Policy toward liberalization of financial markets and the fact that in many developing...

The financial costs of holding reserves.
December 1, 1989... Foreign exchange reserves are central not only to international economic activity but also to domestic economic policymaking. A country with a healthy reserve position is not fikely to default on its bank or trade credit and threaten financial...

Managing foreign exchange reserves: a basic guide to the process.
December 1, 1989... Active management of reserves by central banks and a greater diversification of their reserve portfolios came into vogue in the 1970s. This process was fueled by the desire of central bank authorities to maintain the real value of their reserve...

Bringing women into the economic mainstream. (guidelines for policymakers and development institutions) (includes related article on recent World Bank projects concerning women)
December 1, 1989... If policymakers hope to make faster progress in improving economic performance, reducing poverty, slowing down population growth, and stopping environmental degradation, they will have to go much further in their efforts to involve women in...