American Political Science Review articles from September 1995

American Political Science Review archives from September 1995

Dynamic representation.
September 1, 1995... If public opinion changes and then public policy responds, this is dynamic representation. Public opinion is the global policy preference of the American electorate. Policy is a diverse set of acts of elected and unelected officials. Two...

Campaign contributions and access.
September 1, 1995... An important and pervasive view of campaign contributions is that they are given to promote access to successful candidates under circumstances when such access would not ordinarily be given. In this story, access is valuable as it offers groups...

A grammar of institutions.
September 1, 1995... The institutional grammar introduced here is based on a view that institutions are enduring regularities of human actions in situations structured by rules, norms, and shared strategies, as well as by the physical world. The rules, norms, and...

The advantage of being moderately cooperative.
September 1, 1995... We use computer simulation to identify a process by which cooperation evolves without iteration, and evolves better in large than in small societies. It is based on an empirically heuristic for deciding whether to enter noniterated prisoner's...

Thick-skinned liberalism: redefining civility.
September 1, 1995... A norm of civility defines a standard of conduct that citizens can rightfully expect from strangers. What are appropriate norms of civility for citizens of liberal states? I argue that two approaches to civility are prominent in our political...

Mary Astell (1666-1731), critic of Locke. (John Locke)
September 1, 1995... In the now considerable literature reevaluating the reception of Locke's Two Treatises, no mention has been made of perhaps his first systematic critic, the commissioned Tory political pamphleteer, Mary Astell. Contemporaneous with Charles...

What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data.
September 1, 1995... We examine some issues in the estimation of time-series cross-section models, calling into question the conclusions of many published studies, particularly in the field of comparative political economy. We show that the generalized least squares...

Coalition termination and the strategic timing of parliamentary elections.
September 1, 1995... Cabinet coalitions in multiparty parliamentary democracies lead a precarious existence. Legislative majorities can typically dismiss the cabinet at will and can sometimes force early elections through parliamentary dissolution. Since coalition...

Waltz, Durkheim, and international relations: the international system as an abnormal form.
September 1, 1995... Drawing on Emile Durkheim's Division of Labor in Society, I offer a typology of international systems. Previous uses of Durkheim to describe international systems suffer a number of conceptual errors and therefore are at variance with the spirit...

The consequences of negotiated settlements in civil wars, 1945-1993.
September 1, 1995... We know very little about how civil wars end. Harrison Wagner has argued that negotiated settlements of civil wars are likely to break down because segments of power-sharing governments retain the capacity for resorting to civil war while victory...

Issue fluidity on the U.S. Supreme Court.
September 1, 1995... In making decisions on the merits, the members of the U.S. Supreme Court are often willing to provide authoritative answers to questions that have not been asked and to disregard issues that the parties have presented. What accounts for these...

The empirical evidence for citizen information and a local market for public goods.
September 1, 1995... In their 1993 article in this Review, Paul Teske, Mark Schneider, Michael Mintrom, and Samuel Best sought to establish the microfoundations for a model of a competitive market for public services between local governments in polycentric regions....

The enactment of mothers' pensions: civic mobilization and agenda setting or benefits of the ballot?
September 1, 1995... In this Review in 1993, Skocpol, Howard, Lehmann, and Abend-Wein analyzed the rapid enactment of mothers' pension laws in the American states in the 1910s. They concluded that the widespread federations of women's voluntary groups exerted a...

An Inquiry into Well-Being and Destitution.
September 1, 1995... When in the closing passages of The Grapes of Wrath Rose of Sharon in an act of beatific compassion suckles the starving stranger, her thought isn't that his preferences should count. Rose's quite spontaneous action is directed at the strangers...

Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International.
September 1, 1995... This book developed from a lecture Derrida first presented in 1993. It is quite poetic, moving from the breathless to the patient and painstaking, from the dirge to insistent moral exhortation, from the sermon to the giddy and vertiginous....

Hannah Arendt and the Limits of Philosophy.
September 1, 1995... Hannah Arendt has been the subject of many books and articles in the past few years. Lisa Disch's contribution to this literature is one of the best. Without minimizing the difficulties and ambiguities in Arendt's work, Disch exposes some of the...

Nihilism Before Nietzsche.
September 1, 1995... If the title of this thought-provoking book promises a study of nihilism before Nietzsche, its goal is rather more ambitious - to show that the history of modern thought has been "the ever more explicit revelation of the foundation of modern...

Martin Heidegger: Politics, Art, and Technology.
September 1, 1995... Each of the 16 essays of this fine collection offers something of interest. Rather than provide summaries, however, I shall focus on the volume's central theme of the relation between philosophy and practice. Heidegger's Beitrage zur...

Capitalism with Morality.
September 1, 1995... This is a bold and a worthy book. Not for Haslett the painful clamber up the rock-strewn gully toward the summit; rather, the leap from crag to crag. His range is wide, and his footing mostly sure. He first defends his political philosophy (a...

Ideology and the Theory of Political Choice.
September 1, 1995... This is an ambitious book. Hinich and Munger argue that formal political theory is at a "critical juncture, where internal contradictions and the lack of interesting or useful new results have set members of the discipline to casting about for...

Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought.
September 1, 1995... Rational choice, drawing on a strong microeconomic tradition, has become the dominant model of mind in political science. Meanwhile, the cognitive revolution in a cluster of disciplines has moved in a quite different direction. Mental Leaps is an...

A Political Theory of Rights.
September 1, 1995... By a "political" theory of rights, Attracta Ingram means a conception of rights as based on self-government or autonomy insofar as it is associated with citizenship in a liberal democracy. This is contrasted with a "proprietary" conception of...

The Limits of Hobbesian Contractarianism.
September 1, 1995... The Limits of Hobbesian Contractarianism is essentially three extended essays about Jean Hampton's Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition (1986), Gregory Kavka's Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory (1986), and David Gauthier's Morals by...

If Men Were Angels: James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason.
September 1, 1995... This is an interesting and well-written book worthy of careful consideration by students of political theory and American history. The author sets as his objectives; (1) "to construct the complete political theory of James Madison," (2) to...

Socialism for a Sceptical Age.
September 1, 1995... Completed shortly before the author's death, this book is his passionate entreaty to continue the struggle for socialism. Miliband's socialism has two intertwined objectives: "democratization far beyond anything which capitalist democracy can...

Ethics in the Public Domain: Essays in the Morality of Law and Politics.
September 1, 1995... This collection of essays is divided into two parts. The first of these contains essays in which Raz attempts to defend the approach to political morality he adopted in The Morality of Freedom (1986) - that "political morality is concerned...

The Myth of American Individualism: The Protestant Origins of American Political Thought.
September 1, 1995... A decade or so before the outbreak of the American Revolution, the good citizens of Edinburgh, members of the Edinburgh Belle Lettres Society, were asked "whether the Character of Cato or that of Atticus is the most excellent." The purpose of...

Rethinking Democratic Education: The Politics of Reform.
September 1, 1995... Dissatisfied with the dominant proposals for the reform of American education (especially the language in which those proposals are cast), David Steiner has undertaken a recovery and reforging of a vocabulary for democratic education", (p. xiii)...

Making Citizens: Rousseau's Political Theory of Culture.
September 1, 1995... Considering how often rational choice theorists have used Rousseau as an example of everything that is wrong with democratic theory, Zev M. Trachtenberg's Making Citizens: Rousseau's Political Theory of Culture is a surprising book. Indeed,...

Acts of Hope: Creating Authority in Literature, Law and Politics.
September 1, 1995... We live our lives surrounded by - enmeshed in - authorities that, for the most part, we do not question. These authorities - parents, friends, teachers, bosses, police officers, customs and traditions, laws, churches, and so on - lay claims upon...

Power and Community: Organizational and Cultural Responses to AIDS.
September 1, 1995... At last, our discipline has a comprehensive overview of the politics of AIDS that combines the analytical tools of political science with the perspective of an analyst seasoned by a career of writing about gay and lesbian politics. Other...

Unequal Struggle: Class, Gender, Race, and Power in the U.S. Congress.
September 1, 1995... Since the far of the Soviet Union, Americans have come to believe that communism is dead and that Marx has been proved wrong. It is in this climate that Berg takes a bold step and argues that Congress may best be understood within a Marxist...

Trust: Representatives and Constituents.
September 1, 1995... Democracy requires that constituents evaluate their representative's behavior. Such evaluations are necessary for the election of representatives responsible to constituent interests. These evaluations are complicated, however, by voters,...

Gay and Lesbian Politics: Sexuality and the Emergence of a New Ethic.
September 1, 1995... Blasius' book on gay and lesbian politics makes two principle contributions to the contemporary discourse on the politics of the gay and lesbian movement. First, Blasius contends that lesbian and gay existence is best conceptualized as an ethos,...

The Presidential Pulse of Congressional Elections.
September 1, 1995... The Presidential Pulse of Congressional Elections brings together in a single volume ideas and data from articles that James Campbell has published in midterm elections, adds some new data, and presents a comprehensive surge-and-decline model of...

The Regulated Economy: A Historical Approach to Political Economy.
September 1, 1995... Culled from a 1992 National Bureau of Economic Research conference, this volume contains seven interesting historical case studies authored by talented political economists studying late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century regulation. The...

The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations.
September 1, 1995... In this well documented and nuanced account of American foreign policy in the early years of this century, Robert David Johnson calls for a renewed appreciation of the role played by the Senate peace progressives" in articulating a liberal...

The Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy: The Economics and Politics of Institutional Change.
September 1, 1995... Many political scientists find rational choice analysis inaccessible and ahistorical. Economists Ronald Johnson and Gary Libecap show, however, that this need not be the case. Johnson and Libecap effectively combine historical analysis with the...

African Americans and the New Policy Consensus: Retreat of the Liberal State?
September 1, 1995... To many observers within and outside the African American community, the Reagan-Bush years involved an assault on civil rights gains, an assault that deepened the problem of urban poverty and increased racial tensions. Despite much scholarly...

Birth Control Politics in the United States: 1916-1945.
September 1, 1995... In the fog-shrouded foothills of Santa Cruz, California, lurks one of the most interesting intellectual institutions in the country. The History of Consciousness Program (HistCon to its friends), located at the University of California, is an...

Beyond Politics: Markets, Welfare, and the Failure of Bureaucracy.
September 1, 1995... Governments as diverse as those of China, Great Britain, Hungary, Argentina, and the United States have responded to an increasing recognition of the virtues of markets. The idea of government intervention or direct government control as a way to...

Judicial Power and American Character: Censoring Ourselves in an Anxious Age.
September 1, 1995... Robert Nagel says in the introduction to his new book that it contains "much that will irritate the reader" (p. 6). He delivers on his promise. For those who hold a more liberal political and philosophical view than Nagel, many of the arguments...

The Myth of the Modern Presidency.
September 1, 1995... David Nichols likes a good argument. In this interesting and lively defense of the strong presidency, he takes on all those (most scholars, he says) who trace the office to Franklin Roosevelt or Woodrow Wilson or any of their illustrious...

Regulation, Organizations, and Politics: Motor Freight Policy and the Interstate Commerce Commission.
September 1, 1995... The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was the first independent federal regulatory commission. Although now facing possible extinction, for a century, the ICC was the model for most of the economic regulatory bodies that were created by both...

The Nemesis of Reform: The Republican Party During the New Deal.
September 1, 1995... This is a spare and briskly argued examination of the behavior of the Republican party during the New Deal of 1933-38. Clyde Weed's principal analytical point is that the Republican response to the New Deal - a combination of bitter disarray and...

Bureaucratic Dynamics: The Role of Bureaucracy in a Democracy.
September 1, 1995... Using an impressive array of sophisticated methodological techniques, Wood and Waterman focus on the outputs of eight federal regulatory agencies and prove that the journalists were correct about what happened during the 1980s; that is, Congress...

Pitching the Presidency: How Presidents Depict the Office.
September 1, 1995... As a title, Pitching the Presidency misleadingly suggests that the president,s portrayal of the office is cynically manipulative, a claim at odds with the core ideas of the book. Focusing on the Johnson, Nixon, and Carter presidencies, Pitching...

Conflict and Cohesion in Western European Social Democratic Parties.
September 1, 1995... This edited volume on the strategic and organizational problems of European social democratic parties in seven countries in the last 20 years is the latest addition to a small library of similar books that have appeared since the 1970s. Most of...

The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality.
September 1, 1995... The Problem of Democracy in Cuba is a book with two distinct parts. It begins with three chapters exploring the roots of the divorce between socialism and democracy, first in the writings of Marx and Engels, second in those of Lenin, and finally...

Labyrinths of Prosperity: Economic Follies, Democratic Remedies.
September 1, 1995... This book is full of so much common sense that the academy will surely ignore it. In it, Brenner attacks many common orthodoxies about how societies should cultivate a prosperous economy. These attacks focus on macroeconomic theory and practice,...

The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change, and Democratization.
September 1, 1995... All good books grapple with an intriguing puzzle. In The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina, Alison Brysk asks, How is it that a group of citizens who were politically weak, inexperienced, marginalized, and lacking in material and...

Failure in British Government: The Politics of the Poll Tax.
September 1, 1995... This gripping book recounts the British governments greatest domestic policy disasters of modem times, perhaps of the century: the devising, enactment, implementation, collapse, and replacement of the Community Charge, or poll tax (a standard-sum...

Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela.
September 1, 1995... Since competitive elections were restored in 1958, scholars generally regarded Venezuelan democracy as one of the most robust in Latin America. The political system was anchored in the emergence of an elite compromise supporting the democratic...

Political Stability and Democracy in Mexico: The "Perfect Dictatorship"?(Brief Article)
September 1, 1995... Dan A. Cothran is a new recruit to the rather large corps of interpreters of Mexican politics, but he follows squarely in the established mode. The problem in writing about Mexican politics is to interpret a large mass of rather contradictory...

Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World.
September 1, 1995... The concept of development has played a core role in the theory and practice of economic change and political economy since 1945. Simply put, development refers to a broad pattern of macroeconomic structural transformation that, ideally, results...

The Politics of Democratization: Generalizing East Asian Experiences.
September 1, 1995... The 11 essays in this book explore aspects of democratization in five East Asian political entities (Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China) and suggest that the experiences of these countries might be "generalized"...

Bound by Our Constitution: Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage.
September 1, 1995... What difference does a written constitution make? Vivien Hart poses this question with respect to minimum wages for women in the United States and Great Britain. Women's labor legislation has been the subject of continual scholarly attention at...

Nigeria: The Politics of Adjustment and Democracy.
September 1, 1995... The author argues that despite the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, Marxist analyses of the Nigerian social formation retain their validity and that the capitalist (American) model for development does not provide a guide...

Dynamic Models of Conflict and Pacification: Dissenters, Officials, and Peacemakers.
September 1, 1995... Dynamic models have persisted as a significant minority among the rational models that dominate formal approaches in the study of conflicts between governments and oppositions. Kowalewski and Hoover's work is the latest contribution to these...

Hausaland Divided: Colonialism and Independence in Nigeria and Niger.
September 1, 1995... Investigating behavior in two neighboring Hausa villages (each located in Francophone Niger and Anglophone Nigeria), the author presents a case for the continuity of colonial institutional norms in postcolonial Africa. European colonialism has...

The Failure of Political Islam.
September 1, 1995... A view of Islam as a religion of political extremism, containing the seeds of its own politicization in a manner inherently incompatible with much of the Western world, has gradually become well entrenched in Western policy circles....

Evangelical Christianity in the United States and Great Britain: Religious Beliefs, Political Choices.
September 1, 1995... J. Christopher Soper's examination of evangelical Christianity and the role of its ideology in social movement formation and activity is a useful addition to the literature on religion and politics and social movement theory. Surveying the...

Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Judiciary.
September 1, 1995... A deeply rooted democracy requires a judiciary fully committed to due process, liberal principles, and the protection of individual rights. Both descriptive and theoretical analyses of transitions to democracy in places like eastern and southern...

Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics.
September 1, 1995... The brilliance of this book is the author's ability to transcend conventional schools of social movement analysis and to propose a framework tying movement emergence, development, and decline to broader social and political processes. Sidney...

Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World.
September 1, 1995... This book's title understates its value, because it is about much more than women and revolution. To explain women's participation in Third World revolutions, we must first understand the gendered nature of their roles in the prerevolutionary...

Gender and Rurality.
September 1, 1995... Well into the 1980s, newspapers were full of the devastating effects of the farm crisis in the United States, as overleveraged farmers were forced to declare bankruptcy, sell all or part of their farms, and seek off-farm work. The media offered...

Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa.
September 1, 1995... The collection is a timely and very lively discussion of the ongoing processes of economic and political restructuring in Africa. The end of the Cold War and the reinvigoration of civil society in the majority of African social formations have...

The Making of Terrorism.
September 1, 1995... Michel Wieviorka's comparative analysis of Italian, Basque, and fiddle Eastern terrorist groups is an impressive and provocative study which makes many valuable contributions to the literature on political violence. In particular, for those of us...

Political Institutions and Military Change: Lessons from Peripheral Wars.
September 1, 1995... Deborah Avant's book provides a creative and useful application of institutional political economy to a new field - the development of military doctrine in democratic states. Her well-argued first and second chapters provide a host of examples of...

Women, Gender, and World Politics: Perspectives, Policies, and Prospects.
September 1, 1995... Beckman and D'Amico describe the book as "an on-going student-teacher dialogue" and invite their readers to participate in exploring the connections among women, gender, and world politics (p. xi). They effectively promote such participation...

Confidence Building Measures in the Middle East.
September 1, 1995... The editors have assembled a series of studies aimed at assessing the extent to which confidence-building measures (CBMs) - first developed as such during the Cold War in East-West relations - may prove helpful in reducing tensions and resolving...

Crisis in World Politics: Theory and Reality.
September 1, 1995... Between 1918 and 1988 various national governments of the world experienced 826 foreign policy crises that aggregated into 390 international crises. They were enormously varied episodes. Can they reveal any patterns about the conditions under...

Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses.
September 1, 1995... The great increase in international political activity on environmental issues over the past 25 years has spawned two distinctly different responses among social scientists. One response, locating itself under the rubric of "global change," seeks...

The New European Security Disorder.
September 1, 1995... Simon Duke has written a paradoxical book unlikely to be read by those who would surely benefit greatly from it. It is a long, detailed, and generally well argued book on, essentially, policy questions. European security would definitely benefit...

The Political Economy of European Monetary Unification.
September 1, 1995... The Maastricht Treaty, which entered into force on 1 November 1993 and is subject to a review in 1996, established a European Union consisting of three parts, or pillars. Pillar 1 amended the Treaties of Rome and Paris concerning the original...

Towards a Theory of United Nations Peacekeeping.
September 1, 1995... There has been a recent dramatic increase of interest in United Nations peacekeeping a conflict management approach largely moribund and discredited a decade ago. The academic literature has included a large number of new books and articles on...

Allies, Adversaries, and International Trade.
September 1, 1995... This book begins with an overview of hegemonic stability theory and addresses several criticisms of it. Joanne Gowa illustrates a well-known finding of international trade theory: in highly stylized situations, it will make sense for large...

Improving Human Rights.
September 1, 1995... Improving Human Rights aims to understand "why human rights are protected in some countries rather than others" (p. 15) through an exploratory cross-national statistical analysis. Unfortunately, that mission fails because a massive data base is...

Governing Capitalist Economies: Performance and Control of Economic Sectors.
September 1, 1995... The rise of new industrial competitors in the last two decades has prompted a significant revival of Andrew Shonfield's interest in the comparative forms of capitalism. Governing Capitalist Economies provides an imnportant contribution by...

Peripheral Visions: Deterrence Theory and American Foreign Policy in the Third World, 1965-1990.
September 1, 1995... This is an example of what can be very intellectually valuable and stimulating about critiques of deterrence theory but also of what can be wrong with such critiques. A reviewer's concern arises in comparing this book's dust jacket, which tells...

Strategic Studies and World Order.
September 1, 1995... One of the primary aims of a positivist social science is to explain and predict human behavior. Positivists generally believe that explanation and prediction are possible only where the scientist "objectifies" the social conduct in question,...

In From the Cold: National Security and Parliamentary Democracy.
September 1, 1995... In this large and dense but well-written volume, Lustgarten and Leigh (both members of law departments in British universities) address the coexistence of national security and parliamentary democracy, specifically with respect to values such as...

International Event Data Developments: DDIR Phase II.
September 1, 1995... This volume represents an attempt to emerge from what the editors acknowledge to be the "hiatus in event data research during the 1980s" to report on the enhancement of existing data sets and the development of related computer software. One...

Disconcerted Europe: The Search for a New Security Architecture.
September 1, 1995... It is very difficult to write a book about institutions when they and the cicumstances that are supposed to give them their purpose are both in flux. This, however, is the task that Moens and Anstis, two Canadian academics with external affairs...