American Political Science Review articles from December 1994

American Political Science Review archives from December 1994

Divided government, fiscal institutions, and budget deficits: evidence from the states.
December 1, 1994... 6. A consequence of our use of a static model to analyze deficits is that we cannot deal directly with intertemporal aspects of debt, such as the desire to use debt to precommit political adversaries (Tabellini and Alesina 1990), nor do we...

Does attack advertising demobilize the electorate?
December 1, 1994... It is generally taken for granted that political campaigns boost citizens' involvement--their interest in the election, awareness of and information about current issues, and sense that individual opinions matter. Since Lazarsfeld's pioneering...

Riding waves or making waves? The services and the U.S. defense budget, 1981-1993.
December 1, 1994... Bureaucratic politics is the favored explanation of those who ponder the perversities of weapon acquisition and defense budgeting. The idea that weapons and budgets are outcomes of internal governmental conflict prompted numerous studies...

Repression of human rights to personal integrity in the 1980s: a global analysis.
December 1, 1994... rights phenomena are outlined and discussed in Lopez and Stohl 1992 and Stohl et al. 1986. Events data measures, like those reported in the World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators (Taylor and Jodice 1983), depend on newspaper accounts...

"The slow boring of hard boards": methodical thinking and the work of politics.
December 1, 1994... 25. As Knauer (1985) and d'Entreves (1989b) correctly note in criticizing Jay (1978), Arendt does not exclude instrumentalism from politics. But my point is that instrumentality is always formulated negatively. What Arendt and her commentators...

Patricide and the plot of 'The Prince': Cesare Borgia and Machiavelli's Italy.
December 1, 1994... Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 21:83-102. Berlin, Isaiah. 1980. "The Originality of Machiavelli." In Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, ed. Henry Hardy. New York: Viking. Burckhardt, Jacob. 1958. The...

Comparative democracy: the economic development thesis.
December 1, 1994... Political sociology has few, if any, "iron laws." However, certain central hypotheses seem so established as to be almost beyond challenge. According to Lipset "Perhaps the most widespread generalization linking political systems to other aspects...

The determinants of industry political activity, 1978-1986.
December 1, 1994... show, the allocations of corporate and trade association PAC contributions are statistically distinct and must be analyzed separately. 9. The general form of the Herfindahl index is the sum of the squares of some fractions that sum to one. It...

Report from the laboratory: the influence of institutions on political elites' democratic values in Germany.
December 1, 1994... Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis." American Political Science Review 87:845-55. Conradt, David P. 1974. "West Germany: A Remade Political Culture?" Comparative Political Studies 2:222-38. Crewe, Ivor. 1974. "Introduction: Studying...

Question form and context effects in the measurement of partisanship: experimental tests of the artifact hypothesis.
December 1, 1994... macropartisanship. Of course, the Gallup measure and the Michigan measure usually yield similar results, and cross-sectional surveys that employ the Gallup measure will usually yield similar results to those using the basic SRC party...

Recasting Conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Response to Postmodernism.
December 1, 1994... Michael Oakeshott and Leo Strauss have done as much as anyone in this century to revive political philosophy as a substantive field of inquiry. In very different ways their collected works mark a standing refutation of the obituary for political...

Francis Bacon and the Project of Progress.
December 1, 1994... The Francis Bacon in Robert Faulkner's book is a far more radical thinker and politic writer than one is likely to expect. Faulkner's Bacon is a man whose ambition went beyond teaching humanity the know-how needed for operating masterfully on...

Hegemony and Power: On the Relation Between Gramsci and Machiavelli.
December 1, 1994... Gramsci is almost the only communist leader to survive with honor in the "post" fields of so many recent currents of leftist thought. He has, in fact, not only survived but flourished, through the widespread dissemination of key concepts like...

The Politics of Community: A Feminist Critique of the Liberal-Communitarian Debate.
December 1, 1994... Like many other feminists, Elizabeth Frazer and Nicola Lacey, both of Oxford University, are dismayed at the nearly complete domination of the "contested terrain" of political theory by theorists who pay no serious attention to what feminists see...

Hannah Arendt: Politics, History, and Citizenship.
December 1, 1994... Following Claude Lefort, Phillip Hansen reads Hannah Arendt as a theorist of the political. As Hansen conceives it, the political signifies the constituting power and spirit of collective life, rather than politics in a narrow institutional...

The Economic Foundations of Government.
December 1, 1994... This is an interesting, if flawed, book, another of the genre of books that look at government through the lens of microeconomic theory. (The author is an economics professor.) Partly, it has the feel of a brief text, presenting yet again a...

Paradigms and Barriers: How Habits of Mind Govern Scientific Beliefs.
December 1, 1994... Margolis presents Paradigms and Barriers as the second of three books on "persuasion and belief in the context of social choice." Scholars of politics are likely to find most intriguing the first and last quarters of the book, where Margolis...

Explaining Political Disagreement.
December 1, 1994... One of the central purposes generally ascribed to the liberal state, in both its minimal and robust incarnations, is dispute management. The metaphor of the forum expresses both the ambitions and limitations of this management. Persons introduce...

Athens on Trial: The Antidemocratic Tradition in Western Thought.
December 1, 1994... Both books under review here explore the transformation of a particular historical political regime into an ideological myth. James F. McGlew, in the far more focused work, studies the place of the tyrannies that flourished during the Archaic...

Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique.
December 1, 1994... Against the Market is an ambitious defense of an unpopular position. The crippling defects of Stalinist command economies have led many socialists to advocate versions of (democratic) market socialism, combining collective ownership with...

Kant's Theory of Justice.
December 1, 1994... This is a clear minded and careful study of Kantian principles of justice. Beginning with the relation between justice and freedom, the author spells out, in Chapters One and Two, both the peculiar character of external freedom for Kant and the...

Air Wars: Television Advertising in Election Campaigns, 1952-1992.
December 1, 1994... Since the advent of televised campaign advertising, the "marketing" of political candidates has been compared to the marketing of consumer products. As Darrell West reminds us, however, "In reality . . . political commercials have little in...

The Constitution of Judicial Power.
December 1, 1994... In this work, Sotirios Barber sets forth a theory of judicial activism, in the tradition of the Warren Court, which he defends against "skillful enemies" on the right and "incompetent friends" on the left. Justices should make up their own minds...

To Make a Nation: The Rediscovery of American Federalism.
December 1, 1994... Samuel Beer has made many contributions to the study of politics in our time, but in this writer's opinion his most significant contributions have been his studies of federalism, to which, he says, he turned in the 1960s as a liberal concerned...

State Government and Economic Performance.
December 1, 1994... Surely one of the enduring legacies of the Reagan era in American politics has been the resurgence of the states in the federal arrangement. Although such was part of the intent that lay behind the contraction of intergovernmental aid from...

Crafting Equality: America's Anglo-African Word.
December 1, 1994... America began, we are told, with Thomas Jefferson's enunciation of the principle that "all men are created equal," and its political history consists in the ever more perfect implementation of that putatively self-evident truth. The abolition of...

Running as a Woman: Gender and Power in American Politics.
December 1, 1994... Nineteen Ninety-Two was widely heralded by political observers as "the Year of the Woman." In some ways, 1992 was a breakthrough year for women and politics, while in other ways, 1992 represented politics as usual and continuity with the past....

Republic of Signs: Liberal Theory and American Popular Culture.
December 1, 1994... There is a good deal of overlap between these two engaging, if occasionally dispiriting, books. Anne Norton supplies herself and the editors of Rhetorical Republic (to which she contributes a chapter) with an organizing theme, namely, struggles...

Bitter Fruit: Black Politics and the Chicago Machine, 1931-1991.
December 1, 1994... Since the 1960s political coalitions throughout the country have struggled with some success to overcome white racial resistance by capturing the political resources of city politics. Population shifts have rewarded black voters in their attempts...

Echoes of Discontent: Jesse Jackson, Pat Robertson, and the Resurgence of Populism.
December 1, 1994... In this thoughtful and well written book, Allen Hertzke takes the unconventional view that Jesse Jackson and Pat Robertson are more similar than stereotypes might suggest. Hertzke argues that the two preacher-politicians in fact have much in...

The Partial Constitution.
December 1, 1994... Both of these books are sharply focused and forcefully argued. Both are by distinguished authors covering much the same ground and are based on broad understandings of their subject matter. As a result, both will well repay careful reading. This...

The Constitution and the Courts: Law or Politics?
December 1, 1994... Whatever its merits in law or politics, the 1986 nomination of Judge Robert Bork to be an associate justice of the Supreme Court was a definite boon to the cottage industry of constitutional law scholarship. By endorsing the idea that courts...

Cooperative Pluralism: The National Coal Policy Experiment.
December 1, 1994... "What would happen if groups negotiated public policies among themselves, without relying on the state?". Probably most citizens, as well as many political scientists, would recoil with horror at the very thought: Allow the "special interests" to...

The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal.
December 1, 1994... Before the New Deal, American presidents were both empowered and constrained by their relationship to political parties, but modern presidents broke that tie. The modern presidency's increased autonomy from parties has been addressed in one...

Corporate Political Agency: The Construction of Competition in Public Affairs.
December 1, 1994... Mitnick's edited volume of 11 essays outlines a theory in which political activity by corporations is an important and legitimate part of democratic competition. There are two key concepts that pervade the work in the volume: the analytic concept...

The Learning of Liberty: The Educational Ideas of the American Founders.
December 1, 1994... This very important book is original, sweeping, and wise about the relation between education and liberal democracy in the United States. The Pangles have not written a history of education or an account of present-day policies, but they...

Federal Policymaking and the Poor: National Goals, Local Choices, and Distributional Outcomes.
December 1, 1994... For policymakers seeking to concentrate resources on the poor, the American political system presents a formidable challenge: federalism offers multiple arenas for arguing on behalf of the poor, yet creates numerous incentives and opportunities...

Congress, the President, and Policymaking: A Historical Analysis.
December 1, 1994... The study of presidential-congressional relations has undergone something of a renaissance in recent years, marked by a spate of books and reinvigorated arguments over the proper relationship between these two branches of government. This renewal...

Burying Uncertainty: Risk and the Case Against Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste.
December 1, 1994... If the technological capabilities of humanity have outstripped our moral and political capacities to control and create our collective future, part of the problem may result from the fact that more research time and money is committed to the...

The White House Speaks: Presidential Leadership as Persuasion.
December 1, 1994... The White House Speaks is another in Praeger's useful (but over-priced) Series in Political Communication. The series includes titles dealing with the media and public policy, the communication practices of citizen interest groups, the rhetoric...

Media and Public Policy.
December 1, 1994... The mass media have been blamed for everything from erratic policymaking to biased and unfair coverage. According to critiques by Polsby, Hess, and others, common patterns of media coverage create several problems for policymakers. Most...

From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections.
December 1, 1994... Carol Swain and Katherine Tare introduce a great deal of important new data to the African-American/black politics literature and propose distinctive approaches to our understanding of black political values and political behavior. Swain...

The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century.
December 1, 1994... In her new book, Kim Voss, an historical sociologist, addresses a hoary issue in U.S. historiography, the theme of "American exceptionalism." Simply put, the concept of "American exceptionalism" posits that the United States, unlike all other...

Regulation in the White House: The Johnson Presidency.
December 1, 1994... David Welborn's discerning examination of the ways in which President Johnson conducted his "business in regulation" sheds much needed empirical light upon the translation of presidential power into regulatory behavior, from the public image...

From Outrage to Action: The Politics of Grass-Roots Dissent.
December 1, 1994... Laura Woliver analyzes four Wisconsin community controversies that transpired between 1977 and 1984 when citizens reacted angrily to perceived failings in the criminal justice system. Two of the controversies stemmed from egregious remarks made...

Unsettled States, Disputed Lands: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank-Gaza.
December 1, 1994... How are we to explore cases of intransigent conflict in societies where ethnicity, race, and religion are, at the core, group differences? Theoretically rooted comparison is increasingly relied upon by scholars, political activists, and conflict...

From Bundesrepublik to Deutschland: German Politics After Unification.
December 1, 1994... The unification of Germany is clearly one of the most significant events of the twentieth century. These two new edited volumes take stock of the changes in Germany's internal and external politics and their meaning and begin to piece together a...

Soldiers and Politics in Eastern Europe: 1945-1990: The Case of Hungary.
December 1, 1994... This is one of the best of the "year 1989" studies of the complex relationship between the Communist party and the military organization. What characterized this relationship in Eastern European polities at this time was the effort to...

Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline.
December 1, 1994... The 1980s were a decade of economic crisis in sub-Saharan Africa. Beleaguered by stagnant growth and mounting debt, many countries embarked on World Bank and IMF-sponsored adjustment programs. Several years of erratic reform produced hesitant...

Politics, Feminism, and the Reformation of Gender.
December 1, 1994... After years of neglect, the recruitment of women to public office has become a lively topic for scholars on both sides of the Atlantic. American scholars have focused on the structure of incentives and institutions affecting women's candidacy,...

Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India.
December 1, 1994... One of the major trends of this decade is the rise of new movements for religious nationalism in such places as the Middle East, Northern Africa, Central Asia, and South Asia. Their encounter with the secular nationalism of Europe and America has...

Democracy in the Caribbean: Myths and Realities.
December 1, 1994... Two identically titled books on democracy in the Caribbean within a year is either a remarkable coincidence or evidence of rising scholarly and policymaker concern, or both. There is indeed cause for concern. However vigorously some may...

The Elite Connection: Problems and Potential of Western Democracy.
December 1, 1994... Etzioni-Halevy intends The Elite Connection as a text or supplement for political science and sociology courses, as a contribution to democratic elite theory, and as a warning about threats to democracy. The first four chapters review and...

Politician's Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America.
December 1, 1994... Barbara Geddes's book is an ambitious attempt to apply collective action and rational choice arguments to efforts at reforming the state in Latin America. In particular, she is concerned with explaining why state reform takes place under some...

The Portuguese Military and the State: Rethinking Transitions in Europe and Latin America.
December 1, 1994... As usual, U.S. policy in Latin America and many of the scholars who write about the area have it wrong--in this case concerning the role of the military institution, civil-military relations, and the strategy to be used to help consolidate...

Orpheus and Power: The Movimento Negro of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, 1945-1988.
December 1, 1994... While long a staple in discussions among political scientists working on the United States, race has not figured prominently within the work done on Latin America by political scientists. This is a gap that Michael George Hanchard seeks to fill...

The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy.
December 1, 1994... The national debate on President Clinton's health care plan has once again put the spotlight on America's unique mix of welfare state policies. Unlike other advanced industrial countries, America has no national health insurance and its income...

Language Repertoires and State Construction in Africa.
December 1, 1994... David Laitin is a comparativist of remarkable breadth of intellectual scope and research experience. Relatively few scholars carry out field inquiry in more than one world region, and hardly any in so many diverse sites as Laitin has explored....

The Sources of Social Power, vol. 2, The Rise of Classes and Nation-States: 1760-1914.
December 1, 1994... Michael Mann has produced a second massive tome in what is now to be a four-volume series on the sources of social power. Unlike the last volume, which ranged from "the beginning" to 1760, this one covers a mere 154 years--the "long nineteenth...

Politics in the Portuguese Empire: The State, Industry, and Cotton, 1926-1974.
December 1, 1994... Substantive treatments of Portugal's empire since its demise in 1975 are rare occurrences. While there is an extensive literature on Portuguese Africa during the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s, at the high point of the conflict between...

Vietnam: The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism.
December 1, 1994... This is essentially a historically oriented study of Hanoi's post-Vietnam War institutions and its state and Party socioeconomic policies, with a brief concluding chapter on foreign policy. In the later years of the Vietnam War, the author, a...

The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management.
December 1, 1994... Peter Rutland asks how the Soviet political system worked between 1965 and 1990 and "why it was so resistant to reform". He approaches this through a detailed study of Soviet administrative behavior, focusing on the role of regional, local, and...

The Rise of Meso Government in Europe.
December 1, 1994... This book, originally conceived at a European Consortium of Political Research conference held in 1986, is the product of a series of meetings held in a number of desirable European locations. It is concerned with the phenomenon of the meso...

The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay?
December 1, 1994... Until recently, political scientists have been loath to treat the dynamics of ethnic politics seriously. They assumed that modernization required a strong, secular state and that ethnic attachments represented annoying impediments in the way of...

The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War.
December 1, 1994... Cynthia Enloe, one of feminism's liveliest minds, is at it again. In Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Relations, she dared to discuss the Chiquita Bananas of international political economy, the Pocahontases of...

Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics.
December 1, 1994... This book is an important landmark in what has become a virtual flood tide of recent works deemphasizing the international system as an explanatory focus. In contrast to others that situate themselves theoretically smack in the middle of the...

The Best Defense: Policy Alternatives for U.S. Nuclear Security from the 1950s to the 1990s.
December 1, 1994... For much of the nuclear age, Americans and Europeans have learned to live with the paradoxical notion that security rested on a balance of mutual annihilation. Most of the time, however, most people disliked this situation. It was either morally...

Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change.
December 1, 1994... Idealism has been sneaking up on international relations theory for a couple of decades now. Though few students of world politics today call themselves idealists, many are focusing their research on the ideational and social causes of state...

Foreign Relations and Federal States.
December 1, 1994... This volume examines an important, though very understudied, phenomenon in the field of international relations. The lack of attention to federalism as a source of foreign relations is unfortunate because politics in a substantial number of...

Localizing Foreign Policy: Non-Central Governments and Multilayered Diplomacy.
December 1, 1994... The activities, influence and concerns of local governmental units--states, provinces, regions--in the formulation and implementation of the foreign policy of their respective states appears to be a matter of increasing interest. Local...

Morality, Prudence, and Nuclear Weapons.
December 1, 1994... As strategically sophisticated as Robert Jervis, as morally subtle as Michael Walzer, as tautly logical as Thomas Schelling, as relentlessly tough-minded as Colin Gray, as imaginatively far-sighted as Jonathan Schell, and as calmly sensible as...

Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis.
December 1, 1994... Very few persons know more about refugee affairs than Gil Loescher of Notre Dame University. Loescher has now put in one volume most of the basics, and some new ideas, about this perplexing and important subject. Writing for the Twentieth Century...

Decision and Interaction in Crisis: A Model of International Crisis Behavior.
December 1, 1994... Contemporary scholarship in political science on the causes of international crises and war is deeply divided by alternative approaches to both theory building and empirical analysis. Ben Mor attempts to build bridges across the typical divides...

Regime Theory and International Relations.
December 1, 1994... The concept of international regimes, far from being the passing fad Susan Strange predicted in 1983, has led to vigorous research agendas in the United States and Germany. The purpose of this volume is to explore these research initiatives,...

Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World.
December 1, 1994... Bruce Russett's laudable book summarizes, dissects, and expands our understanding of the disinclination shown by democracies to fight each other, a finding that has spawned a minor cottage industry of analytic studies. Russett's principal...

The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons.
December 1, 1994... This book is a significant contribution to three fields: international security studies, organization theory, and risk analysis. Grounded in original research in U.S. national security archives, Limits reveals a disturbing history of...

The Limits of State Autonomy: Societal Groups and Foreign Policy Formation.
December 1, 1994... This book is the first product of an occasional series of edited volumes sponsored by the Foreign Policy Analysis Section of the International Studies Association. Despite a growing number of publications in recent years, the role of domestic...

Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Post-Modern Era.
December 1, 1994... Where might feminist theory find ontological, epistemological, and political homes in the field of international relations during a postmodern era? This is a central question raised by Christine Sylvester's latest contribution to feminist theory...

International Migration and Security.
December 1, 1994... With the end of the Cold War, the concept of what constitutes national security has changed dramatically and acquired a new and complex significance. Considerations of national security have expanded from traditional military-political issues at...

Justice and the Genesis of War.
December 1, 1994... The central claim of this book is that states want justice as well as power. Welch explores the role of what he terms the justice motive, defined as "the drive to correct a perceived discrepancy between entitlements and benefits", in the genesis...