Waste News articles from March 2006

Waste News archives from March 2006

Stock Report.(At Your Disposal)
March 13, 2006... 3 graphs: Waste News Stock Index * Calvert Social Index Fund * Dow Jones Industrial Average * table: Percentage change by market segment: see print copy

Sea-related businesses try to stay afloat.(News)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson It's time to stop picking up debris and start earning a living again, Bill Holland figures. For more than five months after Hurricane Katrina wiped out his home and heavily damaged his business, the master wooden...

Recycling sale rolls; GreenMan sells Ga. tire operations.(Recycled Energy and Supplies Inc acquisition)(Brief Article)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini GreenMan Technologies Inc. has cut its losses at its Georgia tire recycling operations and sold off the assets, which has presented an opportunity for other players in the market. The Lynnfield, Mass., tire recycler...

CAPITAL BRIEFS.(bill passed)
March 13, 2006... LEGISLATION GENERAL ENVIRONMENT South Dakota: House Bill 1016 provides for the creation of a renewable electricity and recycled energy renewable energy credit system by the Public Utilities Commission. Filed with secretary of state...

Open the funding spigot for water.(Opinion)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Paul Pinault The 1972 Clean Water Act makes one truth clear - the quality of our nation's water depends on a meaningful local-state-federal partnership. The Clean Water Act created the Construction Grants Program, which...

8 companies make C8 deal.(News)(Brief Article)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson All eight companies involved in the use of a controversial chemical used in the manufacture of nonstick and stain-resistant products are voluntarily agreeing to sharply curtail environmental releases and use of the...

Banner year; Waste Connections predicts buys will push revenue past $800 million.(News)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Waste Connections Inc. is estimating that its yearly revenues could top $800 million for the first time in 2006, partly fueled by acquisitions. Waste Connections recently reported revenue of nearly $722 million for...

At Deadline.(Legacy Wireless Services Inc recycling division)(Wheelabrator Technologies Inc appoints Mark Weidman )(Waste Services Inc net loss)
March 13, 2006... Ore. phone recycler becomes own unit Legacy Wireless Services Inc. is spinning off its mobile phone recycling division to form a new business. World Village Network will take over the operations of Legacy's recycling division March 13....

New switcheroo.(Opinion)(recycling of mercury switches from junked vehicles)(Brief article)
March 13, 2006... The deal isn't sealed, but it seems safe to say that the lengthy impasse between automakers and recyclers over who should bear the financial burden for the removal of mercury switches from junked vehicles has been broken, and the wheels are...

Rising fuel costs hitting industry hard; Annual toll near $800 million, NSWMA reports.(News)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Higher diesel costs mean the solid waste industry is paying about $800 million more per year for fuel compared to just two years ago, the National Solid Wastes Management Association reports. A new white paper from...

States seek CO2 reversal.(News)(carbon dioxide)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman A dozen states and several environmental groups are asking the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn a lower court ruling and force the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles....

Leach on the block.(truck body business )(Brief Article)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson A long-time name in the trash truck business is being sold for the second time in four years. Federal Signal Corp. is selling the company's Leach trash truck body business to Labrie Equipment Ltd., of Quebec, after...

Waste Industry Briefs.(David J. Joseph Co. acquisition)(Metal Management Inc. acquisition)(Stericycle Inc. acquisition)
March 13, 2006... Metal Recycling Ohio's David J. Joseph Co. makes buys David J. Joseph Co. has purchased Northwest Recycling of Houston, a scrap metal processing facility with an automobile shredder. Northwest Recycling, a joint venture that was...

Military to boost green energy use.(News)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman The Defense Department is asking Congress for $3.92 billion in fiscal year 2007 for environmental programs, about the same amount it requested last year. Meanwhile, the Defense Department is increasing its use...

Battered, not broken; Waste haulers see hope despite `unrivaled' cleanup.(ECC Operating Services Inc)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Heavy lifting is far from over more than six months after Hurricane Katrina created the biggest cleanup job this nation has ever seen. Tens of millions of cubic yards of debris already have been collected, processed...

Letters.(Letter to the Editor)
March 13, 2006... No headway It is counterproductive to debate the details of a complex labor agreement outside the formal collective bargaining and mediation process. I was disappointed to see that this occurred to some level in the article reporting on...

4th state takes stand on e-waste.
March 13, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini States - 4; Federal government - 0. If a scoreboard existed for electronic waste legislation, that's about how it would read. Washington has passed an electronics recycling bill that requires manufacturers to...

Volunteers pitch in, but funding deadline looms.(News)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Margaret Goelz stood on her front lawn on a recent afternoon and watched a lifetime piled in a heap. Volunteers from Habitat for Humanity, wearing protective clothing and masks, scurried in and out of her Patricia...

Van tour affords close look at storm wreckage.(News)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Isabelle Cossart wants people to know just how far New Orleans still has to go after Hurricane Katrina. And she's spreading the message one vanload at a time. Cossart, owner of Tours by Isabelle in New Orleans,...

Ore. city seeks more recycled content.(Oregon city)(white copier and printer paper)(Brief article)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson An Oregon city is upping its recycled-content standards for copier and printer paper used by employees in a move that will divert an estimated 75 cubic yards of trash per year. Eugene, Ore., adopted a new paper...

Waste firms grapple with tight labor market.(River Birch Inc)(Waste Management Inc)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Finding employees to work trash routes can be a challenge under normal circumstances, considering the unglamorous and difficult work. But finding enough staff in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which forced...

Snoopy Power & Light; San Francisco to test converting pet droppings to energy.(Norcal Waste Systems Inc)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Brennan Lafferty With some cities struggling to recycle the most common of materials, forward-thinking San Francisco has graduated to dog and cat waste. That's right: puppy poop. "The City By The Bay'' may indeed reach its...

A Look Back.(At Your Disposal)
March 13, 2006... 1977: A polyethylene terephthalate beverage bottle is introduced to replace glass. PET was first developed in England in 1941. Five years ago: Maine's 39 hospitals agree to reduce their use of medical supplies that contain polyvinyl...

National switch deal in process.(removal of automotive switches )
March 13, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson A national solution for the long-standing automotive mercury switch recycling problem could soon be in place. Everyone agrees that these dime-sized switches should be removed before vehicles are recycled. But...

Study backs filling mines with coal ash.(filling mines with coal combustion ash)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini Backfilling former mines with coal ash is safe, but the practice needs more oversight to ensure that it does not endanger the public or harm the environment, according to the federal government's top science and...

Old cities face raft of sewage problems; Out-of-sight issue costs towns billions.(environmental standards)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman Many of the nation's growing cities face a budgetary and environmental crisis - aging sewage infrastructure that wasn't built to meet today's environmental standards. The cities facing the largest problems are...

Senators question oil industry reprieve.(relief to the oil and gas industry)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman Six senators have written a letter to the head of the Environmental Protection Agency questioning why the agency has proposed granting relief to the oil and gas industry from some stormwater regulations included in...

Waste Generator Briefs.(Swift and Co biogas production facility)(Environmental Power Corp extract methane gas from animal waste)(Newmont Mining Corp case)
March 13, 2006... Meat Processing Waste from Swift & Co. to create gas Swift & Co., the world's second-largest processor of fresh beef and pork, plans to construct a biogas production facility at the company's Grand Island, Neb., beef processing plant....

BP, Edison to collaborate on hydrogen-powered plant.(News)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini Two energy giants are teaming up to develop the world's largest hydrogen-fueled power plant, complete with the optional underground carbon sequestration feature. BP PLC and Edison Mission Group, a subsidiary of...

Plaintiff to appeal Va. ruling.(Holland Enterprises Inc)(Brief article)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Roger Renstrom Judge Rodham Delk denied the remaining claims of a Suffolk, Va., landfill operator against a waste authority, but an attorney for plaintiff John C. Holland Enterprises Inc. vowed to appeal. Delk "has misread the...

Rising from the wreckage.(handling of the environmental and waste management)(Brief article)
March 13, 2006... Six months after Hurricane Katrina, much of the Gulf Coast still looks like a war zone, littered with debris and shattered lives. While many question the government's effectiveness in responding to the disaster, the indomitable spirit of...

Inbox.(At Your Disposal)(Editorial)
March 13, 2006... Byline: Pete Fehrenbach The New York Times editorialized favorably last week about Mayor Michael Bloomberg's on-again, off-again, now-back-on-again proposal to ship the city's waste to distant landfills via a system of marine transfer...

New Products & Technology.(Filter Collar Bonder product introduction)(single gas personal monitor product introduction)(product information of E-Series Backhoe Loaders)
March 27, 2006... PETRO GREEN INC. has introduced the ADP-7 Surface Washing Agent. Oil leaks or hydraulic fluid sprays can be emulsified, reducing odor, appearance and flammability, using a diluted spray of the ADP-7 liquid concentrate, the company said. The...

Stock Report.(At Your Disposal)
March 27, 2006... 3 graphs: Waste News Stock Index * Calvert Social Index Fund * Dow Jones Industrial Average * table: Percentage change by market segment: see print copy

Measuring up.(Opinion)(climate change)(Brief article)
March 27, 2006... Scorecards usually trigger immediate attention for those being graded. But a report issued last week also has us standing back and quietly applauding the grader. A national band of investors and environmental groups released its first...

Big Power's big quandary.(Opinion)(pollution control regulation)(Brief article)
March 27, 2006... A ruling by a federal appeals court last week on New Source Review will make it tougher for industry to meet the standard. Depending on whom you talk to, it will either make air pollution better or worse. The court struck down the U.S....

Changeable climate; Some firms warm to warming, others drag heels.
March 27, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini Climate change is becoming a real part of doing business, though some corporations aren't catching on as fast as others. Some U.S. companies have recognized that global warming is an issue impacting their business...

A Look Back.(At Your Disposal)
March 27, 2006... 1936: Milk products begin to be widely sold in paper packaging. Five years ago: New York City's Fresh Kills landfill, arguably the most famous and infamous waste disposal site in U.S. history, closes after receiving its last bargeload of...

Old computers to be recycled into decking.(News)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Matt Griswold Plastics News An estimated 60 million personal computers enter the market every year. About 12 million are thrown out. Professors at West Virginia University in Morgantown say they are close to commercializing a...

Church in Gulfport draws sympathetic crowd of onlookers.(reprots of church were destroyed by Hurricane Katrina)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson What's left of First Baptist Church stands along Highway 90 in Gulfport, where a chain-link fence keeps a steady stream of onlookers safely away from the piles of debris strewn across the property. Some folks slow...

Fla. electric cooperative to add clean coal unit.(News)(Seminole Electric Cooperative Inc)(Brief article)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini A Tampa, Fla., electric cooperative is planning to build a clean coal unit to boost capacity at it's Putnam County power plant. Seminole Electric Cooperative Inc. filed a request with the Florida Public Service...

Court rules U.S. violated alternative fuel law.(News)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman A federal judge in San Francisco has found that the Bush administration violated a 1992 law designed to increase the country's use of alternative fuels and alternative-fuel vehicles. The decision was a result of...

Xcel Energy tops wind energy chart in 2005.(News)(ranking)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini There is a new wind-power champion, and it already has plans to defend its title next year. Xcel Energy Inc. is now the largest U.S. wind-generated power purchaser, according to the American Wind Energy Association's...

Air ruling praised, blasted.(Clean Air Act)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman A federal appeals court has handed a victory to environmentalists and dealt a blow to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which is attempting to revise the New Source Review portion of the Clean Air Act. ...

Additive magnetizes plastic, aids separation.(Products)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Tracy Hayhurst A little magnetic dust could go a long way toward helping plastic manufacturers recover scrap material that often requires labor-intensive and sometimes dangerous handling methods. Eriez Magnetics, based in Erie,...

CAPITAL BRIEFS.(reports of environmental law)(Legislation)
March 27, 2006... LEGISLATION GENERAL ENVIRONMENT Connecticut: Senate Bill 659 provides a corporation business tax credit for commercial construction and renovations that meet or exceed the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design silver rating for...

Grocer takes on bag litter.(News)(Albertson's Inc. will adopt public spaces)(Brief article)
March 27, 2006... Albertson's Inc., a grocery store chain, will adopt more than 475 public spaces to help bring attention to plastic shopping bag litter. Customers at more than 475 stores in California and Nevada are being asked to nominate locations, such...

'Soup-to-nuts' on landfills; Site design, approval process in new paper.(reports of National Solid Wastes Management Association )
March 27, 2006... This time: Landfills. The National Solid Wastes Management Association is seeking to explain the modern landfill with the group's newest white paper. "Modern Landfills: A Far Cry from the Past'' is the latest in a series of reports...

Meth lab discards worry waste workers.(dangerous waste stream problem for solid waste workers)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Manufacture of methamphetamine is creating a dangerous waste stream that can pose serious problems for solid waste workers and the general public if not properly handled. The addictive stimulant is commonly made in...

Philadelphia appoints new recycling chief.(News)(Joan Hicken)(Brief article)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini Philadelphia is looking west to improve its residential recycling program, naming Joan Hicken as its new recycling coordinator this month. Hicken most recently served as recycling coordinator for Glendale, Ariz.,...

Supplier News.(Briefs)(Harris Waste Management Group Inc establishes new facility)(Future Fuels Inc selects Startech Environmental Corp to provide technology)(Caprius Inc sells its shares)
March 27, 2006... Harris establishes Texas tech center Harris Waste Management Group Inc., of Peachtree City, Ga., has established an engineering and technology center in San Antonio to support its shredder division. The new facility will house a vice...

Personnel.(People)(Richard Conley joins American Ecology Corp)(Charles Schnurpel gets promoted at August Mack Environmental Inc)(Vincent Truant joins Earthshell Corp)
March 27, 2006... AMERICAN ECOLOGY CORP. - Richard Conley appointed federal services marketing manager. AMIAD FILTRATION SYSTEMS - Stuart Norton named sales manager for the Oklahoma and Texas regions; Keith Keiser named sales manager of Midwest region;...

Guide stresses three goals that include environment.(standards of eight Army installations )
March 27, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman U.S Army environmental officials have unveiled a massive guide two years in the making to help installations adopt more environmentally friendly and cost-effective means to carry out their missions. The "Guide...

Strength in numbers; Calif. firm enlists ocean plankton in fight against climate change.(heavy metal to help mitigate global warming)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini A San Francisco Bay area outfit is using heavy metal to help mitigate global warming. It is not a grunge band raising funds and awareness through its music, rather a company that has adopted a twofold mission to...

Los Angeles takes an aggressive tack on waste.(News)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini Los Angeles has adopted a policy that would reuse or recycle up to 93 percent of the city's municipal solid waste on its way to making it a landfill-free city. The City Council last month unanimously passed...

Letters.(Letter to the editor)
March 27, 2006... A diverse view The thousands of Teamster members who work for Waste Management Inc. congratulate Bill Lester, driver of the No. 23 Waste Management NASCAR entry for Bill Davis Racing in the Golden Corral 500 at the Atlanta Motor Speedway...

Treaty could end cleanups; Trash-free watershed goal of Md. foundation.(trails of cigarette butts and fast-food containers)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Elizabeth McGowan Years ago, entrepreneur Bryan Logan's forays into the park adjacent to his home yielded seemingly endless trails of cigarette butts and fast-food containers. These days, he says, shiny energy-bar wrappers and...

White House favors voluntary approach.(Environmental Management Conference)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman A White House official praised voluntary programs to improve the environment, saying that sometimes they can be more effective than a regulatory approach. James Connaughton, chairman of the White House Council...

Only six left; EMS programs in place except for six military posts.(environmental management systems)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman Phil Grone believes the Department of Defense has made significant progress toward adopting cost-effective, safe and environmentally sound operating practices. But, he concedes, more needs to be done. The...

Waste Industry Briefs.(largest scrap metal recyclers acquisitions)(Metalico Inc. new facilities)(growth of hazardous waste remediation business )
March 27, 2006... Metal Recycling OmniSource buys Indianapolis firm One of the nation's largest scrap metal recyclers, OmniSource Corp., has expanded, acquiring K&F Industries Inc. of Indianapolis. Fort Wayne, Ind.-based OmniSource plans to expand...

Waste Generator Briefs.(General Electric Co acquisitions)(Hewlett-Packard Co. waste management)(services of Environmental Protection Agency )
March 27, 2006... Water GE to buy Zenon for $656 million A General Electric Co. unit has agreed to buy Zenon Environmental Inc., which makes membranes for wastewater and water treatment, for $656 million in cash. GE Water & Process Technologies...

Groups intensify effort to clean up D.C. river.(Anacostia river)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Elizabeth McGowan Two dozen organizations ringing the nation's capital are looking 3,000 miles west for a possible solution to a festering trash fiasco. Advocates for the Anacostia River, a tributary of the more famous...

New formula boosts Calif. recycling rates.(News)(Integrated Waste Management Board)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Roger Renstrom California's new option for calculating recycling rates has some communities looking at record highs in 2004. Preliminary analysis of rates by the California Integrated Waste Management Board credits a method...

To repair or replace?(repair of electronic component or appliance)(Column)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Allan Gerlat I recently dropped my digital camera by accident. The lens was extended and it got bent slightly, but enough so it wouldn't retract properly into the base. It seemed like a relatively minor fix. When I went to the...

Near-term prospects for paper aren't great.(News)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Paper and paperboard manufacturing capacity is expected to fall this year in the United States, and that overall forecast includes expected capacity decreases for recycled fiber-based grades. Capacity to make...

Pa. wastewater workers charged.(News)(Brief article)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman Federal prosecutors have charged two employees at the Bristol Township Wastewater Treatment Plant in Pennsylvania with felony violations of the Clean Water Act for allegedly dumping untreated sewage into the...

A proposal for the new Interior chief.(Opinion)(United States Department of the Interior)(Lynn Scarlett)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Robin Ingenthron Soon, Lynn Scarlett, former executive of the Reason Foundation, will be acting secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior, replacing Gale Norton. Scarlett wrote reports critical of state recycling goals in...

Groups blast EPA's particulate proposal; Plan fails to protect public health, ignores science, charges claim.(News)(Environmental Protection Agency)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman The heat is on the U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency over particulate standards. Environmentalists and public health activists accused the EPA of proposing new particulate standards that are not protective...

Official sees recycling 'building' a future.(News)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Rick Givan sees an industry ready to bust loose. And the challenge will be keeping up with the growth. As president of the Construction Materials Recycling Association, Givan believes there will soon be a...

Correction.(Correction notice)
March 27, 2006... * A story on Page 4 of the March 13 issue should have identified David Goss as the executive director of the American Coal Ash Association.

Where there's smoke, there's litter; Keep America Beautiful aims to raise awareness off cigarette butt trash.(News)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson A national community improvement organization is expanding its assault against cigarette butt litter. Keep America Beautiful Inc. says the little butts can cause big problems, as cigarette filters make up a...

Ohio utility commits to W.Va. wind project.(News)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini FirstEnergy Corp. has signed 20-year agreements to buy 250 megawatts of output from two wind power generation projects under development in West Virginia. U.S. Wind Force LLC, a Wexford, Pa., renewable energy firm,...

Awards.(News)(Shelagh Connelly from Resource Management Inc receives award)(Safeway Inc receives award)(Byron Lord of Federal Highway Administration receives award)
March 27, 2006... Pa. city sewer unit garners EPA award The Lititz, Pa., Sewer Authority has been awarded the Operations and Maintenance Excellence Award by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The awards program highlights effective local...

Hong Kong eyes grocery bag tax.(tax on plastic bags and other restrictions)(Brief article)
March 27, 2006... Hong Kong is considering a tax on plastic bags and other restrictions, as supermarkets in the territory have launched voluntary campaigns to reduce use. Government officials raised the possibility of taxes and restrictions as part of a...

EPA offers new rules to reduce gas fumes.(News)(Environmental Protection Agency)(Brief article)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman The Environmental Protection Agency has proposed new emission standards aimed at significantly reducing toxic fumes from gasoline, vehicles and gas containers. EPA Administrator Stephen Johnson unveiled the...

The faces of Slidell; Leaders in La. town next to the lake try hard to bounce back from storm.(town of Slidell storm damage reports)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Just north of Lake Pontchartrain sits the town of Slidell. And in the town of Slidell, Mayor Ben O. Morris recently sat in his temporary office in a double-wide trailer in a parking lot. He talked about the...

Gulf Coast cities struggle with overwhelming debris.(storm damage reports)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Towns along the Gulf Coast in Mississippi continue to recover from Hurricane Katrina to one degree or another. In Biloxi, more than two million cubic yards of debris had been collected by February, and a similar...

Kansas uses star power for recycling education.(Recycling education campaign)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Roger Renstrom Well-known Kansans are cooperating in an innovative state Get Caught Recycling education campaign. "Our goal is to reinforce the recycling behavior of Kansans,'' said Bill Bider, director of the Kansas Bureau of...

Auto parts firms plans waste cuts.(News)(Denso International America Inc.)(Brief article)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Denso International America Inc., an automotive parts manufacturer, has released a new five-year environmental plan for its North American operations that aims to cut landfill waste by 75 percent. Denso, based in...

Norcal launches inside-out custom hauling program.(custom hauling service )
March 27, 2006... Byline: Jim Johnson Norcal Waste Systems Inc. isn't just stopping at the curb anymore. The San Francisco-based solid waste management company has launched a custom hauling service that goes into people's homes or businesses and...

Consistent service, recycling on generators' minds.(waste management of apartments)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Brennan Lafferty Waste generators generally speak positively about their dealings with garbage haulers, but that doesn't mean there isn't room for improvement. For instance, apartment owners in Charlotte, N.C., and the Hudson...

Mass. proposes stricter perchlorate rule.(drinking water and waste site cleanup standards)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman Massachusetts is getting tough on perchlorate. State environmental officials have proposed drinking water and waste site cleanup standards for perchlorate that are much more stringent than national guidelines...

Panel favors Calif.'s auto emission standards.(News)(Environmental Protection Agency)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Bruce Geiselman An independent scientific panel that provides advice to the federal government has endorsed California's role in pioneering new automobile emissions standards that are more stringent than the federal government's....

Fantastic plastic; Biodegradable PVC card in the works.(News)(polyvinyl chloride)(CPI Card Group Inc.)(Brief article)
March 27, 2006... Byline: Joe Truini A Colorado company will be offering biodegradable magnetic-strip cards, such as the ones used for credit cards, later this year. CPI Card Group Inc. will manufacture the rigid polyvinyl chloride cards using...