Social Research articles from September 1995

Social Research archives from September 1995

Categories.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... It is appropriate to begin a wide-ranging exploration of the relationship between people and other animals with a section on classification. Whether acknowledged or not, this powerful intellectual act necessarily precedes any further dealings...

Aristotle, the Scale of Nature, and modern attitudes to animals.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... George Gaylord Simpson, one of the great biologists of this century, began his book on The Principles of Taxonomy (1961) with the statement that, "Any discussion should start with a clear understanding as to what is to be discussed." What will be...

A taxonomy of knowing: animals captive, free-ranging, and at liberty.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... My title is deceptive, because it implies a balanced interest in the three ways of knowing animals it lists. There already exist rigorous and elaborate descriptions and accounts of captive animals and free-ranging animals, but there is very...

"I named them as they passed": kinds of animals and humankind. (taxonomy of animals in literature)(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... At a significant moment in what we are told is the one book Darwin carried always with him aboard, and on treks ashore from, The Beagle,(1) Adam recounts to the angel Raphael what he remembers of his life. In Book VIII of Paradise Lost (345-8) he...

Histories.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... In his parable Penguin Island ([1908]1931), Anatole France relates how the old, blind monk Saint Mael inadvertently baptized a group of penguins, mistaking them for human beings. When the news reached heaven, it caused, so we are told, neither...

Border trouble: shifting the line between people and other animals.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... THERE is not much doubt that human beings, a category that can be taken to include members of the modern species Homo sapiens as well, perhaps, as members of various extinct species of the same genus, are different from non-human animals. This...

The spotted hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: reputation is everything.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... As several distinguished authors of the present age have undertaken to reconcile the world to the Great Man-Killer of Modern times; as Aaron Burr has found an apologist, and almost a eulogist; and as learned commentators have recently discovered...

Animals and the law: property, cruelty, rights.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... In American society, the legal system is the predominant engine of public policy and, perhaps, moral suasion. It is therefore important for all people who are affected by animals--which is, of course, virtually everyone--to know something about...

Keynote address. (Stephen Jay Gould)(In the Company of Animals)(Transcript)
September 22, 1995... This text is an edited transcript of a keynote address given at the conference "In the Company of Animals" in New York City on April 6, 1995. Written and spoken English are entirely different languages, and this address, prepared...

Fabling beasts: traces in memory.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... We will make a Zion out of this Sinai and we will build there three tabernacles, one for the Psalms, one for the Prophets, and one for Aesop. (Martin Luther)(1) "Animals don't find it hard to die," he says gently. "Perhaps we should...

Authored animals: creature tropes in Native American fiction.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... The anthropomorphist ascribes and traces human emotion and motivations to animals and nature; these modes of narration cause misconceptions in both science and literature. John Stodart Kennedy named feelings, motivations, and thought the...

Sameness and difference.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... Similarities and differences between us and animals have been a great focus of human interest for millennia, in cultures of the most various sorts. The title of this session is striking, though, in that it does not ask us to consider samenesses...

Animal consciousness: what matters and why.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... ARE animals conscious? The way we are? Which species, and why? What is it like to be a bat, a rat, a vulture, a whale? But perhaps we really do not want to know the answers to these questions. We should not despise the desire to be kept in...

Primate language and cognition: common ground.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... Research of the past decade has served to underscore the close psychological relationship between humans, chimpanzees, and the other great apes. In his evolutionary theory, Darwin (1860, 1871) posited both psychological and biological...

Animal minds, animal morality.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... It would be widely agreed that in order for moral concern to be appropriate for some given entity it is necessary that that entity should satisfy certain psychological conditions. The point of dispute is what precisely these conditions are. What...

The mythology of masquerading animals, or, bestiality.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... Cultures throughout the world represent our deceptive relationships with animals as masquerades, which operate in both directions: in our rituals, humans often masquerade as animals, but in our myths we imagine that animals masquerade as humans....

Hunting and humanity in Western thought.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... FIVE hundred years ago, when Henry VIII occupied the throne of England, a Portuguese mariner named Raphael Hythloday left the company of Amerigo Vespucci's third expedition and travelled south from India into the imaginary countries of Terra...

Scientists and animal research: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde?(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... Introduction In the past two decades, bioscientists have been forced to confront an increasing variety of critics. Nevertheless, at the same time, scientists still belong to one of the most admired professions (Pion and Lipsey, 1981). In...

A consideration of policy implications: a panel discussion.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... THE following questions were posed to the members of the panel in the final session of the conference "In the Company of Animals": (1) By treating animals as property, do we inevitably or necessarily encourage the treatment of animals as...

A consideration of policy implications: a panel discussion.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... It is hard not to be a specialist: one looks at animals (including humans) from a particular point of view, in which certain aspects of their nature are selected and focused upon. It is all too easy to fall into thinking that this limited...

Seeing animals as they are. (A Consideration of Policy Implications: A Panel Discussion)(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... If this conference illustrates one thing clearly, it is this: we need animals, and not just because they are used for food, companionship, or as models for human biology and disease. We need them because they play rich, symbolic roles in our...

A consideration of policy implications: a panel discussion.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... I will address my remarks to the two parts of the second question. It is common to attribute sentience and consciousness to animals with whom we are empathetic and about whom it is easy to anthropomorphize (generally mammals, the cuter and...

The responsibility to conserve wild species. (A Consideration of Policy Implications: A Panel Discussion)(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... Until the development of urban society, the lives and deaths of wild animals and people were inextricably intertwined. People killed and consumed animals and vice-versa. This interdependence is reflected in the cultural importance given to wild...

Animal sense (and non-sense). (A Consideration of Policy Implications: A Panel Discussion)(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... The tendency to treat (nonhuman) animals as inanimate or insensate objects is not "inevitably or necessarily" encouraged by treating them legally as property. Under English law, for instance, "owned" animals enjoy greater legal protection from...

An animal's take on the "company man." (A Consideration of Policy Implications: A Panel Discussion)(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... In the symposium paper occasioning this two-part question (1), Tannenbaum offered the thesis that treating animals as property in the law provides them adequate protection. He argued that this is the case since the legal concept of property...

A consideration of policy implications: a panel discussion.(In the Company of Animals)
September 22, 1995... Unlike the animal rights movement, I believe for all the obvious reasons that scientists need to be able to conduct experiments on lower animals. But I realize those same reasons would seem not nearly so obvious to me if cited by advanced...