Paint & Coatings Industry articles from August 2004

Paint & Coatings Industry archives from August 2004

Reach.(Viewpoint)
August 1, 2004... In response to one of my earlier columns, a number of readers cited high regulatory cost as one reason for job loss from the U.S. to other countries. In light of that response. I have been watching the European Union's (EU)proposed regulatory...

Political observer, author Robert Kagan to give keynote address at NPCA meeting.(Industry news)
August 1, 2004... WASHINGTON -- Robert Kagan, a noted authority on the dynamics of power in the post-Cold War world, will deliver the keynote address at the NPCA's 2004 Annual Meeting, scheduled for Oct. 24-26 in Chicago, the association announced. Kagan is...

PMSE division of ACS invites nominations for Tess Award in coatings.(Industry news)
August 1, 2004... DEARBORN, MI -- The American Chemical Society's Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering (PMSE) issued an invitation for nominations for the 2005 Roy W. Tess Award in Coatings, a prize that recognizes "outstanding individual...

Troy Corp. announces plans for 5K run/walk at 2004 ICE.(Industry news)
August 1, 2004... FLORHAM PARK, NJ -- Troy Corp. announced plans for the 2004 Troy 5K Run/Walk, scheduled for 7 a.m. Oct. 28 in conjunction with the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology's International Coatings Expo (ICE). Proceeds from the event...

Akzo Nobel coatings recognizes student project with Hanna Award.(Industry news)
August 1, 2004... COLUMBUS, OH -- Akzo Nobel Coatings' Coil and Extrusion Coatings Business Unit presented the 18th Annual Hanna Award in Coatings, recognizing the best project on the science and technology of chemical coatings entered in Ohio Science Day, to...

European coatings show program outline announced; call for papers issued.(Industry news)
August 1, 2004... HANNOVER, Germany -- Vincentz Network announced preliminary plans for the European Coatings Show 2005, scheduled for April 26-28, 2005, in Nuremberg, Germany. The 2003 European Coatings Show drew more than 16,000 visitors and featured 646...

Epoxy price pressure expected to continue.(Industry news)
August 1, 2004... Epoxy resin suppliers said the market is under "intense upward pressure on pricing" generated by rising global demand and continued increases in raw-material and energy costs, with the situation not expected to change in the near term. As...

EMU Coatings Institute invites papers for 2005 'Smart Coatings' Symposium.(Industry news)
August 1, 2004... YPSILANTI, MI -- Eastern Michigan University's Coatings Research Institute issued a call for papers for the institute's "Smart Coatings 2005" Symposium, scheduled for Feb. 2-4, 2005, in Orlando, FL. Papers are invited on the topics of...

Donald Brookfield Sr.; was Brookfield Engineering Founder, Viscometer Pioneer.(Obituary)
August 1, 2004... MIDDLEBORO, MA -- A memorial service for Donald Brookfield Sr., founder of Brookfield Engineering Laboratories Inc. and a pioneer in the development of viscometer instruments, was held June 25 in Sharon, MA. Mr. Brookfield died May 24 after a...

Meetings. shows and educational programs.(2004 calendar)(Calendar)
August 1, 2004... Meetings. Shows and Educational Programs SEPTEMBER 13-17 Short Course: Basic Composition of Coatings UMR Coatings Institute, Rolla, MO 573/341.4419 www.umr.edu/-coatings 14-15 North African Coatings Congress...

California paints Fres~Coat exterior paint gets top ranking by consumer magazine.(Company news)
August 1, 2004... ANDOVER, MA -- California Paints' "Fres~Coat" Velvet Flat House Paint earned the top ranking among exterior paint for 2004 by Consumer Reports magazine. Also scoring high rankings for exterior paint performance were Pratt & Lambert's "Accolade"...

Akzo Nobel's Auto-refinish business announces plans for "major restructuring".(Company news)
August 1, 2004... ARNHEM. The Netherlands -- Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes announced plans for a "major restructuring" to be carried out over the next two years, a program that the company said will result in the reduction of approximately 600 employment positions,...

Akzo Nobel says 'pioneering' wood coating offers waterproofing performance, low VOCs.(Company news)
August 1, 2004... ARNHEM, The Netherlands -- Akzo Nobel announced the introduction of a waterborne exterior wood coating billed as a "pioneering" advance in coatings technology due to a solids content of approximately 65% and "nearly zero" VOC content. The...

Jury clears Kelly-Moore in asbestos-exposure claim.(Company news)
August 1, 2004... LOS ANGELES -- A jury in Los Angeles found that Kelly-Moore Paint Co. was not negligent in an asbestos-exposure claim filed by a lung-cancer victim. The Los Angeles County Superior Court jury found that joint compound produced by...

PPG launches product, service program in China.(Company news)
August 1, 2004... TROY, MI -- PPG Industries Inc.'s Total Service Solutions business announced the launch of its first comprehensive product and service supply program in China. The company signed a supply contract with the Chinese automaker Wuxi Vehicle...

Eastman says EU action defines Texanol as non-VOC.(Company news)
August 1, 2004... KINGSPORT, TN -- Eastman Chemical Co. said legislation approved by the European Parliament has given non-VOC status to the company's Texanol ester alcohol solvent. The company said the action is the result of a measure adopting new standards...

BASF.(Company News In Brief)
August 1, 2004... BASF, Charlotte, NC, has appointed ChemPoint.com, Bellevue, WA, exclusive distributor for acrylic monomers for less-than-truckload quantities in the United States, effective July 1.

Clariant.(Company News In Brief)
August 1, 2004... Clariant, Sulzbach, Germany, received the "Best Innovator" award in the category "Supporting Factors" for the Clariant Competence Center Micro Reactor Technology ([C.sub.3]-MRT). It is the second consecutive year that the company is a winner of...

Dorsett & Jackson Inc.(Company News In Brief)
August 1, 2004... Dorsett & Jackson Inc., Los Angeles, announced distribution appointments by Franklin Industrial Minerals, U.S. Silica Co. and Solvay Chemicals Inc. Franklin Industrial Minerals appointed Dorsett & Jackson distributor in California, Nevada and...

Eckart America L.P.(Company News In Brief)
August 1, 2004... Eckart America L.P., Painesville, OH, has appointed D&F Distributing Inc., Dallas. and Delta Colours, Norcross, GA. distributors in the southwestern and southern United States. D&F Distributing's territory includes Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana,...

Engelhard Corp.(Company News In Brief)
August 1, 2004... Engelhard Corp., Iselin, NJ, received an EPA Presidential "Green Chemistry Challenge Award" for the company's development of its "Rightfit" organic pigments, a line of products based on calcium, strontium and barium rather than heavy metals...

Gabriel Performance Products.(Company News In Brief)
August 1, 2004... Gabriel Performance Products, Ashtabula, OH, has appointed Chemcentral Corp., Bedford Park, IL, North American distributor of Gabriel's new GPM-800 mercaptan-based epoxy hardening agent.

LANSCO Colors.(Company News In Brief)
August 1, 2004... LANSCO Colors, Montvale, NJ, appointed P.T. Hutchins Co., Los Angeles. sales agent in California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona and Nevada.

Noveon/Hilton Davis.(Company News In Brief)
August 1, 2004... Noveon/Hilton Davis, Cleveland, has appointed Majemac Enterprises Inc., Clearwater, FL, distributor for color dispersions in Florida. Noveon Hilton Davis also appointed S.P. Morell and Co., Armonk, N Y, distributor of Noveon Hilton Davis'...

Quackenbush Co.(Company News In Brief)
August 1, 2004... Quackenbush Co., Crystal Lake, IL, has appointed The M.F. Cachat Co., Lakewood, OH, sales representative for grinding media in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut. Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,...

The UMR Coatings Institute.(Company News In Brief)
August 1, 2004... The UMR Coatings Institute, Rolla, MO, introduced its new UMR newsletter, which is e-mailed to subscribers free of charge. The newsletter is published approximately 20 times a year. Past issues are available on the website at...

Insl-x products to acquire Wattyl's Coronado and Lenmar businesses.(Mergers and acquisitions)
August 1, 2004... STONY POINT, NY -- INSL-x Products Corp. announced an agreement to acquire Wattyl Ltd.'s Coronado Paint Co. Inc. and Lenmar Inc. coatings units, as Australia-based Wattyl moved to sell its remaining U.S. coatings businesses. Terms were not...

Apollo Management announces deal to acquire Borden Chemical.(Mergers and acquisitions)
August 1, 2004... NEW YORK -- The investment firm Apollo Management L.P announced an agreement to acquire Borden Chemical Inc., a supplier of thermoset and other high-performance resins, adhesives and specialty chemicals, for approximately $1.2 billion including...

Akzo Nobel acquiring distributor, sells resins business in France.(Mergers and acquisitions)
August 1, 2004... ARNHEM, The Netherlands -- Akzo Nobel's Decorative Coatings business announced an agreement to acquire Timpe & Mock, reported to be the second-largest architectural-paint wholesaler in Germany. Akzo Nobel also announced the sale of its...

CVC Specialty Chemicals.(Names in the news)
August 1, 2004... Walter Bustynowicz has joined CVC Specialty Chemicals as U.S. Sales manager, with responsibility for sales-representative programs targeting core markets for epoxy raw materials. Bustynowicz was formerly Commercial manager for Huntsman...

DuPont Co.(Name in the news)
August 1, 2004... Linda J. Fisher. former deputy administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, has joined DuPont Co. as vice president and chief sustainability officer, effective July 12. Fisher will assume responsibility for the company's...

Keystone Aniline Corp.(Names in the news)
August 1, 2004... Ted Gilbaugh has joined the technical staff of Keystone Aniline Corp. Gilbaugh has 16 years of experience in the ink and coatings industry, in color-formulation, blending and quality-control capacities. Keystone Aniline, Chicago, is a...

Crompton Corp.(Names in the news)
August 1, 2004... Crompton Corp. has named William Murrell vice president of the company's Urethanes business, with responsibility for management of strategic business operations and global growth programs. He also will oversee the company's Oleochemicals...

Jones-Blair Co.(Names in the news)
August 1, 2004... Jones-Blair Co. has named Jeff Powell general manager--Industrial Coatings Division. Powell was formerly Industrial Regional Sales manager for PPG Industries Inc. in Indiana.

Micro Powders Inc.(Names in the news)
August 1, 2004... Micro Powders Inc. has named Warren Pushaw president and chief operating officer. Pushaw was formerly the company's technical director, vice president and general manager, and has held a variety of positions since joining Micro Powders 22 years...

Sartomer Co.(Names in the news)
August 1, 2004... Sartomer Co. has promoted Thierry Razat to Business manager, Hydrocarbon Resins, with responsibility for all sales and marketing activities for the company's Norsolene hydrocarbon resins in North America and Latin America. Razat was formerly...

Reynolds Industries, Inc.(Names in the news)
August 1, 2004... Lee Shargel has been promoted to the position of engineering manager for Reynolds Industries, Inc. Shargel brings 20 years of engineering management experience to the Fort Mill. SC, equipment manufacturing company.

Expancel Inc.(Names in the news)
August 1, 2004... Expancel Inc. has named Jonathan Slepsky and Chip Gill Sales engineers, with responsibility for sales of microspheres in the North American market. Expancel, based in Duluth, GA, is a producer of microspheres used in coatings, ink and other...

In the 1940s: wartime rubber crunch gives bounce to fledgling science of latex resins.(90 years with PCI: a retrospective)
August 1, 2004... There may be few better examples of that old saw about necessity as the mother of invention than the origins of synthetic latexes and latex-based paints. The necessity in this case was presented by the extenuating circumstances surrounding...

Bringing light to the surface: new-generation strontium aluminate-based luminescent pigments, as well as traditional products based on a variety of chemistries, continue to shine for coatings manufacturers.(Luminescent Pigments)(Cover Story)
August 1, 2004... Luminescent. Afterglow. Glow-in-the-dark. No matter how you define it, self-emitting light technology continues to make a positive impact on the coatings industry worldwide. Recent advances in this technology enable some luminescent pigments to...

UV & EB technology expo and conference: the future bodes well for ultraviolet and electron beam curing.(RadTech e/15 2004)
August 1, 2004... Once again the RadTech organization put on a great conference and exposition. About 2600 people attended the four-day e\5 conference and three-day exhibit that was held in Charlotte, NC. on May 2-5. 2004. The conference motif, e\5 2004, was...

Aquavet: a marriage of special effects, functional performance and handling ease.
August 1, 2004... Developing unusual effects with unique appearance and glamorous colors has never been easier due to the wide variety of special-effect pigments on the market today. Designers can choose from dramatic color shifts to the subtler and increasingly...

Pigment directory.
August 1, 2004... Black Pigments Bayer Chemicals Degussa Engineered Carbons, LP General Carbon Co., Inc. Hoover Color Corporation Lintech lnternational Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, Inc. The Shepherd Color Company ...

Nano silica--amorphous silicon dioxide.
August 1, 2004... By way of background, over six years ago I was working on a project with a Canadian research group (Lakefield Research) to develop an economic means to recover germanium from Corning Inc.'s fiber optic operations. At the time, Energy Strategy...

Blocked isocyanates and their usage in plastic coatings application.
August 1, 2004... The use of plastics continues to increase in a wide variety of applications. This growth can be attributed to several key advantages plastics have in comparison to metal, including a decrease in part weight, the ability to form complex parts...

Powder flowability--solving a sticky problem in France.
August 1, 2004... As margins in the automotive industry come under increased pressure, companies are looking to optimize processes and save money in every aspect of their manufacturing. In addition, many car manufacturers see the introduction of innovative new...

Powder coating 2004: focuses on what powder coating can do for you.(Calendar)
August 1, 2004... Now more than ever, finishers are fighting to stay competitive at home and abroad while ensuring they are turning profits for their companies. POWDER COATING 2004 will focus on how powder coating can help meet these goals. POWDER COATING 2004,...

DL/Calcoast Labs.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... DL/Calcoast Labs is the largest "fully accredited" independent paint, coatings, sealants and materials testing laboratory in North America. We provide analytical and expert services to the legal community. DL LABORATORIES 74 Kent...

Carbodilite[R].(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... GSI EXIM AMERICA, INC. Carbodilite[R] is a multifunctional poly-carbodiimide crosslinking agent manufactured by Nisshinbo Industries, Inc. It reacts with carboxyl and amino groups, and is designed to crosslink dispersions and emulsions at...

Dispense system.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Novaflow Systems Inc. A dispense system from Novaflow delivers improved quality and lower costs, greater blending accuracy, faster mixing, reduced waste and improved inventory control. And what it can do for your bottom line in this...

Surface tensiometers.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... SensaDyne Instrument Div. Solve coatings-formulation problems with SensaDyne Surface Tensiometers for laboratory and in-process applications. Formulators can improve transfer, spreading and adhesion of inks, coatings and other formulations...

Phenolic and ARYLZENE[R] resins.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Georgia-Pacific Resins, Inc. Georgia Pacific Resins, Inc., offers an extensive line of solventborne, waterborne, and crosslinking phenolic resins for optimum performance of industrial and specialty coatings. GPRI's patented ARYLZENE[R]...

Measure color ... measure quality.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... HunterLab The UltraScan[R] PRO spectrophotometer measures reflected and transmitted color and meets CIE and ASTM guidelines for accurate color measurement. Its 5nm optical resolution enables the precise measurement of paint having...

Adhesion promoters.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... PhibroChem Problem: Your topcoat giving you the slip? Solution: Adhesion promoters for the paint, coatings, adhesives and ink industries. Chlorinated * Waterborne chlorinated * Acrylic-modified polyolefins PhibroChem, A...

New Fluoropolymer and wax brochure.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Shamrock A Guide to Properties for the Ink & Coating Industries, Shamrock's latest brochure, details information on our full line of micronized PTFE and waxes, dispersions, compounds, and other specialty additives. Featured are our latest...

Self-cleaning filtration systems.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... VORTI-SIV Division The VORTI-SIV Division of MM Industries in Salem, OH, manufactures a full range of self-cleaning inline filtration equipment. Shown is our Model S4 "Rotor-Blade" horizontal inlet/outlet unit. This all-stainless steel...

UV transparent filler.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Pacer Corp. R500 potash feldspar exhibits excellent transparency in the 300nm to 400nm range, making it an excellent filler in UV applications. This 8-micron sized, inert mineral imparts superior abrasion and chemical resistance properties...

Corrosion test chambers.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Singleton Corp. For over 50 years, customers around the world have selected Singleton Corrosion Test Chambers to satisfy their testing requirements. Singleton chambers can be used for salt fog, CASS, humidity, water fog and cyclic test...

Blending/dispersion blades.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Conn & Co. The Conn Blades[R] are the only blending/dispersion blades that provide true pumping action for complete material circulation. The ITT style is the most aggressive. The IT style provides the same superior pumping but is gentle...

CM-100 and CMA-150 laboratory and production high-shear dispersers.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... D.H. Melton Co., Inc. Benchtop, or floor standing, variable-speed dispersers provide high-shear dispersion from 1/2-pint to 5-gallon production batches. Motor horsepowers available are 1, 1.5, and 2 HP, dispersion shaft speeds up to 16,000...

Coatings adhesion tester.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... SEMicro Division M.E. Taylor Engineering, Inc. PATTI adhesion testers provide accurate, quantitative measurement of the pull-off strength of your paint, adhesive or coating. A patented, self-aligning system uses compressed gas to apply a...

Ask the expert.
August 1, 2004... Dilip Shah Group Leader Epoxy Additives AD/TS Q Is there a non-MDA-based epoxy curing agent available that provides high chemical resistance? A Air Products' new Ancamine[R] 2625 epoxy curing agent offers the unique...

High-speed dispersers.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Charles Ross & Son Co. A line of high-speed dispersers is available in sizes from 1/2 hp to 200 hp, to handle batches as large as 2,000 gal. Built with wetted parts of type 504 stainless steel, the dispersers include air/oil hydraulic...

Product services catalog.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... CHEMCENTRAL CHEMCENTRAL, the nation's largest independent chemical distributor, is a convenient, single-source supplier for a complete line of quality products and value-added services. Its Product and Services catalog features a...

Valves.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Precision IBC Precision Valve Products offers a wide selection of the finest quality stainless steel and brass ball valves available. Our "Valves Direct" program eliminates multiple levels of marketing and distribution costs. You will see...

Colormatcher[R].(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... GTI Introducing a family of color-matching systems designed to deliver every option and feature you need to evaluate and communicate color with absolute confidence. The three standard sizes of the CMB will accommodate nearly any sample...

MIN-U-SIL[R] ground silica.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... U.S. Silica U.S. Silica offers MIN-U-SIL, a high-purity natural crystalline silica that is inherently bright, white, low in moisture, inert and hard. In paints and coatings the hardness and inertness of silica yields improved resistance to...

Powder thickness gauge.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Elcometer, Inc. The Elcometer 550 powder thickness gauge uses a novel, non-contact measurement technique based on a high-frequency ultrasonic transducer to predict the final cured thickness of uncured coating powders on a range of...

778BN brown.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Hoover Color Corp. Have you seen "The Good Stuff"? We're talking about our beautiful, semi-transparent 778BN Brown. With this pigment, you can achieve the Van Dyke brown shade and undertone without the grinding problems. 778BN disperses...

Acryflow[TM] acrylic polyols.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Lyondell Chemical Co. Lyondell's ACRYFLOW[TM] acrylic polyols combine superior chemistry with the latitude to formulate a multitude of coatings with only six resins. Produced from unique monomers using a patented polymerization process,...

Cellulose esters.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Eastman Chemical Co. Eastman CAB and CMCAB cellulose esters enhance the application and appearance of coatings and improve productivity by providing good flow and leveling, fast dry-to-touch, reduced surface defects, excellent metal flake...

Web site offers on-line ordering.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Hoover Materials Handling Group, Inc. Hoover's new website enables users to purchase spare parts and accessories on-line. Users can order Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC) and dry material-handling spare parts and accessories 24 hours a...

Why Kady?(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Kady International Kady International offers innovative mixing/dispersion solutions to help reach your production line's maximum potential. Kady's unique rotorstator technology reduces production time and equipment costs. Take advantage of...

Specialty chemicals.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Peach State Labs, Inc. Peach State Labs' mission is to become the world's premier specialty chemical supplier, focused on researching and developing specialty chemicals that are safe, more durable and have higher quality. Peach State Labs...

PosiTest DFT coating thickness gage.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... DeFelsko Corp. Catalog announces the new PosiTest DFT coating thickness gage. Available in two models, Ferrous for steel or Combo for all metals, the PosiTest DFT is the economical choice that provides the proven quality of DeFelsko...

Polyurethane resins.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Soluol, Inc. Soluol manufactures a broad range of waterborne, solvent-borne and moisture-curing polyurethane resins under the trade names Solucote and Solubond. This new brochure . highlights 20 aliphtic and aromatic resins commonly used...

CROHMIQ[R] type D FIBC FAQ sheet.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... LINQ Industrial Fabrics, Inc. CROHMIQ static protective FIBC fabrics, manufactured by LINQ Industrial Fabrics, Inc., is the leading Type D FIBC fabric in use today. The FAQ sheet addresses how CROHMIQ works, differences between Type C and...

Diaphragm pumps.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Warren Rupp, Inc. Warren Rupp, Inc., offers information on its exclusive, complete line of non-stalling, air operated diaphragm pumps in a new, comprehensive, full-line brochure. SANDPIPER Pumps are available in sizes from 1/4" through 3"...

Concrete coatings that breathe.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Air Products Air Products' Anquamine[R] 701 epoxy curing agent lets you create unique, microporous systems that are breathable and water permeable--ending blistering and delamination. Systems utilizing Anquamine 701 have excellent...

Crosslinking materials.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Kyowa Hakko USA, Inc. Kyowa Hakko provides a number of crosslinking materials including diacetone acrylamide and adipic dihydrazide for the room-temperature, one-package crosslinking of waterborne resins. We also sell a family of unique...

Hybrid container.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... U.S. Can Company This company offers paint, coatings and adhesive manufacturers an attractive opportunity from traditional, metal round containers. Plastite[R], a plastic/metal hybrid container, is specifically designed for non-oil-based...

Micro milling beads.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Jyoti Ceramic Industries Pvt. Ltd., India Zirconox micro heads are sapphire hard, tough, glossy, satin-smooth, lowest in co-efficient of friction, highest in density, mill faster high-viscous formulations such as auto and allied paints,...

WACKER BS[R] coatings.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... WACKER SILICONES To help preserve and protect. The Easter Island Moais. U.S. Capital. The Kremlin. What do they have in common? They're all protected with WACKER BS[R] coatings. WACKER BS[R] coatings help increase the life of your...

The Optiwhite series.(Product & Literature Showcase)
August 1, 2004... Burgess Pigment Co. This company's brochure highlights its three Optiwhite thermosilicate products--Optiwhite, Optiwhite P and Optiwhite MX. According to the manufacturer. the products' opacity and flatting-efficiency properties give paint...